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1、Lesson Ten Theories of second language acquisition,The role of theory in SLA Approaches to theory building Schools of theories of second language acquisition,The role of theory in SLA Description: the characterization of the nature of the linguistic categories which constitute the learners interlang
2、uage Explanation: how SLA takes place Why SLA takes place,Two approaches to theory building: theory-then-research research-then-theory The study of SLA has involved both approaches,Schools of theories of second language acquisition,Nativist theories of SLA eg. The Universals Hypothesis Environmental
3、ist theories of SLA eg. The acculturation Model Interactionist theories of SLA eg. The discourse theory,Schools of theories of second language acquisition,1. The acculturation Model 2. Accommodation Theory 3. The discourse theory 4. The monitor theory 5. Variable Competence Model 6. The Universals H
4、ypothesis 7. The neurofunctional Theory 8. SR Model,The acculturation theory,Meaning of acculturation Social distance Social factors that create good language learning environment Psychological distance Psychological factors increasing the psychological distance Nativization vs Denativization,The ac
5、culturation theory,Definition of acculturation Acculturation is defined by Brown (1980a:129) as the process of becoming adapted to a new culture.,Two models: John Schumanns model Andersens modelThe Nativization Model,The Premise of the Acculturation Model,John Schumanns model second language acquisi
6、tion is just one aspect of acculturation and the degree to which a learner acculturates to the target language group will control the degree to which he acquires the second language. (Schumann 1978c:34),Factors Determining Acculturation,Acculturation, and hence SLA, is determined by the degree of so
7、cial and psychological distance between the learner and the target language culture.,Social distance,Social distance is created by the relations between the learner and members of the target social group.,Social factors that create good language learning environment,The target language group and L2
8、groups view each other as socially equal. The target language group and L2 groups are desirous that the L2 group will assimilate. Both the target language group and L2 groups expect the L2 group to share social facilities. First language group is small and not very cohesive. The L2 groups culture is
9、 congruent with that of the target language group. Both groups have positive attitudes to each other. The L2 group envisages staying in the target language area for an extended period.,Psychological distance,Psychological distance is the result of various affective factors of the learner.,Psychologi
10、cal factors increasing the psychological distance,1. Language shock, 2.Culture shock 3. Low motivation 4. High ego boundaries Continued pidginizaton is the result of social and psychological distance. When pidginizaton persists the learner fossilizes. The result of social and psychological distance
11、is the continued pidginization and fossilization.,Andersens modelThe Nativization Model,Nativization Denativization Accommodation Growth independent Growth towards an of the external norm assimilation external norm Restricted access adequate access to input to input Pidginization Depidginization cre
12、ation of a unique First/second language first/second language as increasing approximation acquisition towards external target norm,Assimilation同化 and accommodation适应,Assimilation refers to the process by which new items are added to a concept or schema Accommodation refers to the process by which th
13、e existing concept or schema is changed on the basis of new information.,ASSIMILATION:) EXAMPLE: A child who knows what a dog is sees another four-legged animal that she or he has never before encountered, such as a cow, and not recognizing it, uses previous schema to call it a dog. ACCOMMODATION: E
14、XAMPLE: After the child calls the cow a dog, his or her mother tells him or her that this new four-legged creature is a cow. The next time the child sees a cow he or she identifies it as a cow, indicating that the childs previous schema of four legged creatures had been expanded to include cows.,Acc
15、ommodation Theory,Accommodation Theory derives from the research of Giles and associates into the intergroup uses of language in multilingual communities such as Britain. His primary concern is to investigate how intergroup uses of language reflect basic social and psychological attitudes in inter-ethnic communication. As an offshoot of this, has also considered SLA from an intergroup stance and it is the resulting view of SLA which has become known as Accommodation Theory.,Differences from Acculturation Model,Acculturation Model Accommodation Theory Actual social distance perce
