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1、第一讲 词汇对等与空缺,Lecture 1 Lexical Equivalence and Lexical Gap February, 2009,I. Language, Culture and Translation,What correlation can you find between them? 语言是文化的载体；文化是语言的土壤；翻译是跨文化交流的桥梁。 每一种语言都从文化中获得生命和营养，所以我们不能只注意如何将一种语言译成另一种语言，还必须力求表达两种文化在思维方式与表达情感方面的习惯。 翻译活动不仅是语言文字的转换活动，更是不同文化的交流和移植活动，翻译所涉及的不仅是两种语言
2、，更涉及两种文化。,II. Lexical Equivalence,Read the following words or phrases to see whether you can find equivalent expressions in the TL. television 电视 radar 雷达 wheat 小麦 医生 doctor 西政 SWUPL 早饭 breakfast,1 = 1,marry 嫁、娶 wife 妻子、老婆、爱人、夫人 cousin 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹 杯子 cup, glass, mug 工厂 factory, plant, mi
3、ll, works 明显 evidently, apparently, obviously,1 = 2 or more,青少年(八九岁到20多岁的人) teenager (13-19岁的人) 知识分子(上过学有知识的人) intellectual (有学问、层次较高的知识分子) 学者(知识渊博的人) scholar (正在学习的人或有学问的人),11,Predator (以猎食其他动物为生的动物；猎食动物) Prey (被别的动物捕食的动物；被食动物) Scavenger (吃死动物的动物；食尸动物) weekday (星期天或星期六、星期天以外的日子；平日),1 = none,Try to
4、find an equivalent for a word or expression to achieve faithfulness. (1) speak ones mind 畅所欲言 (2) turn up ones nose at 嗤之以鼻 (3) touch and go 一触即发 (4) hit the nail on the head 一语道破 (5)充耳不闻 turn a deaf ear to (6)大海捞针 look for a needle in a bundle of hay (7)颠倒黑白 talk black into white (8)骑虎难下 hold a wol
5、f by the ear,(9) Make hay while the sun shines. 趁热打铁。 (10) Ill news travels fast. 好事不出门，坏事传千里。 (11)皇天不负苦心人。 Everything comes to him who waits. (12)小巫见大巫。 The moon is not seen when the sun shines. (13) I took the news with a grain of salt. 我对这个消息半信半疑。 (14) Unless youve got an ace up your sleeve, we a
6、re dished. 除非你有锦囊妙计，否则，我们是输定了。,(15) She is now between the devil and deep sea on this matter. 她在这个问题上进退维谷。 (16) 这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。 The economic situation in these countries is on the down grade. (17) 为了掩人耳目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。 In order to throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out as rev
7、olutionaries. (18) 照当时情况，他除了忍气吞声又能怎么办呢？ As things stood, what else could he do but swallow the insult?,Dont take the words too literally. (19) pull sbs leg 愚弄；开玩笑 *拉后腿 (20) move heaven and earth 想方设法；千方百计 *翻天覆地，感天动地 (21) childs play 简单的东西，容易的事情 *儿戏 (22) eat ones words 承认自己说错了话 *食言 (23) dog-eat-dog 残
8、酷争夺；人吃人的关系 *狗咬狗,III. Lexical Gap,1. Lexical gap resulting from social and living surroundings block AmE (the distance along one of the sides of) a building or a group of buildings between two streets 街区；四条街当中的区 (24) I live two blocks from the school. 我住在离学校两条街远的地方。/ 我的住处和学校之间相隔两条大街。 (25) The place y
9、oure looking for is three blocks along the street. 沿此街过三条马路便到了你要找的地方。,landing the level space or passage at the top of a set of stairs between two sets of stairs 楼梯顶部的走廊；楼梯阶段间的驻脚台 (26) She brought up the water, stopping at each landing to get her breath. 她提水上楼，在每一个楼梯拐弯处歇脚喘气。 living room a room for g
10、eneral family use, usually during leisure hours and for entertaining 客厅,2. Lexical gap resulting from social customs 红白喜事 weddings and funerals salad a dish consisting of green, leafy raw vegetables, often with radish, cucumber or tomato, served with a dressing 沙拉/色拉，由绿色有叶生菜制成的一道菜，常加有小萝卜、黄瓜或西红柿，并加调味
11、品食用 吃过了吗？ *Have you had your meal? How do you do? / How are you?,阴 阳功夫天干地支农历节气中医术语 刘师傅 ?Master Worker Liu (master worker仅指可以收徒工的工人，而且不可用作称呼语，而实际上“师傅”一词可用于一般工人或者其他行业的人。) 二哥 ?Brother Two, ?The Second Brother 阿庆嫂 ?Sister Aqing (“嫂”指结了婚的女人。),My grandfather is his cousin, so hes kith and kin (亲戚朋友) to me
12、 somehow, if you can make that out, I cant. 我的祖父跟他是堂兄弟或表兄弟，因此他和我有亲戚关系，也许你能够把这个关系弄清楚，我可没有办法弄清这个关系。 Three cousins of the French President were also to receive diamonds. 法国总统的三位远亲后来也接受了一些金刚石。 她从贫苦的姑家，又转到更贫苦的姨家。 She had lived for a while with some impoverished paternal relatives, then had been bundled o
13、ff to some maternal relatives who were, if anything, even worse off.,我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。 I was born in the Year of the Rooster. I never eat chicken. The Year of Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck. (Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbol
14、ize the year in which a person is born. 1993, for example, is the Year of Rooster. People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol. All other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either good or bad luck years for them.),醋vs. vinegar （赵辛楣）一肚皮的酒，几乎全化成酸醋 The w
15、ine in Xinmeis stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy. 龙vs. dragon 望子成龙hope ones children will have a bright future (*hope ones children will become a dragon in the future) like a dragon凶猛地 Shes a dragon她是个凶狠的女人。,猫头鹰vs. owl 英语中owl是智慧的象征：as wise as an owl。在儿童读物和漫画中，owl通常很严肃，很有头脑，常充当裁判。汉语里的“猫头
16、鹰”则与前兆、迷信有关，人们怕碰上它而倒霉。 孔雀vs. peacock 在中国文化中孔雀是吉祥的象征，而peacock在英语中则表示one making a proud or arrogant display of himself，如：the young peacock, proud as a peacock。,柳vs. willow 在中国文化中，柳树常用以喻指春天的来临和春光的明媚（“春风杨柳万千条”）；又由于与“留”同音，古人常借其抒发离别思念之情（诗经：昔我往矣，杨柳依依，今我来思，雨雪霏霏）。在西方文化中，古时有戴柳叶花圈以哀悼死者的习俗，故“wear the willow”有“痛失心爱的人，思念亲人”的意思。 You are quite wrong in supposing that I have any call to wear the willow Miss Windsor never has been to me more
