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1、Historical Development of Matertials and Technology The common engineering materials include metals, cementing materials, concrete building stones, clay products, insulating materials, timber. Some of them are described here from the stand-point of occurrence, manufacture, properties, methods of tes
2、ting, and use. The development of materials with improved properties is a vital phase of engineering. Progress in engineering construction has been dependent on the availability of materials of suitable physical properties in large quantities; for example, the development of the modern automobile wa
3、s critically dependent on availability of high quality alloy steels, and the all-metal airplane was made possible by the development of light weight high-strength alloys. Phase: 相；阶段。 a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of somethings development Example： phase two of th
4、e development is in progress. 第二阶段开发正在进行中。 Vital: 必要的，必不可少的。 it is vital that the system is regularly maintained.这个系统有必要 经常维修。 翻译： 常用工程材料包括金属、胶合材料、混凝土建筑石料、粘土产品、绝缘材料、 木料。对其中的一些在这儿从出现、制造、性质、检验方法和用途等方面加以描 述。 具有改进性能材料的发展是工程上一个至关重要的发展过程。工程建筑上的 进步一直以来依赖于具有合适物理特性材料的大量供应，例如，现代汽车工业严 重依赖于高品质的合金钢的可用性， 而轻质高强度合金
5、的发展使全金属飞机的成 为可能。 It can be said that “The history of materials is the history of man“. Of course, the reverse can be stated:“The history of man is the history of materials“. It is said that “New materials are a prerequisite for new technologies“. Again the reverse is true. Furthermore, it is true th
6、at technology influences man and vice versa. From this viewpoint the question of pre-eminence among the three partners, man, materials and technology is an intellectual game: a controversy of the chicken and the egg type. reverse 相反，相对。文中作名词用 “the reverse can be stated” Example: This material didnt
7、resist to the heat, quite the reverse. 恰恰相反，这种材料根本就不耐热。 除做名词外，还可以做动词和形容词用。 做动词做动词：the ships engines reversed and cut out altogether. 船上的发动机出现反转，然后就全停了。 做形容词做形容词：the trend appears to be going in the reverse direction. 趋势似乎正在向反方向发展。 prerequisite 首要的，必备的，先决条件 prerequisite for (to) 的前提 或 的先决条件: Training
8、 is a prerequisite for competence. 接受训练是掌握技能 的前提。 Recognition is a prerequisite to understanding. 认识是理解的前提。 pre-eminence 超群，优秀、卓越 文中，”question of pre-eminence”译为：优先性命题。 Furthermore, it is true that technology influences man and vice versa. 另外，技术的确影响着人类，反之亦然。 vice versa:相反，反之亦然 adv. 解释： with the main
9、 items in the preceding statement the other way round 反过来也一样，反之亦然 e.g. science must be at the service of man, and not vice versa. 科学必须为人类服务，反之并非这样。 From this view point the question of pre-eminence among the three partners, man, materials, and technology, is an intellectual game: a controversy of th
10、e chicken and the egg type. 从这一观点可见，人类、材料和技术三者之间谁先谁后的问题 是一个智力游戏， 是个象鸡和蛋之类的引起争论的问题。 （即到 底是先有鸡然后有蛋， 还是先有蛋然后有鸡这一类问题， 人类、 材料和技术三者谁为先，谁为后，就像鸡和蛋何者为先一样， 所以说这一问题是一个智力游戏。 ） The earths population has been continuously multiplying since early man first appeared about two million years B.C. The population grew
11、by a factor of 100 about 500,000 years, from 100,000 to 10 million, and this was reached about 4000 B.C. Despite natural catastrophes, plagures, and decimating wars, by 1820 the population had grown again by a factor of 100 to 1 billion people, this time in less than 6000 years. Today there are abou
12、t 5 billion people and the doubling rate is only about 33 years. Accordingly, it is possible that in not quite 200 years time there will already be 100 billion (109) people on Earth. 翻译： 自从人类在大约公元前两百万年前出现在地球上以来，地球上 的人类一直在不停地成倍增长。 在大约 50 万年内， 人类人口的 数量增加了 100 倍， 从 10 万到 1 千万， 这一千万的人口大约是 在公元前 4000 年达到的
13、。 尽管受到了自然灾害、 瘟疫和大规模 杀戮战争，到 1820 年，人口总数又增加了 100 倍，达到了 10 亿， 这次是在不到 6000 年的时间内完成的。 现在地球上的人口 约有 50 亿，而翻倍的速度大约仅需要 33 年。因此，可能在不 到 200 年的时间内，地球上的人口会达到 1 千亿（109） 。 catastrophe 大灾害，灾祸。 an environmental catastrophe.环境大灾难。 Plague 瘟疫，祸患（文中做名词用） 做动词用：折磨，烦扰，打扰。 he has been plagued by ill 他一直被病魔折磨着 decimating 杀死大
14、部分的，毁灭大部分的。 The condition for the flourishing of the species Homo Sapiens have improved over time such that man has made the Earth his subject. Through his materials and their uses in technical devices and processes, man has made favorable living conditions which he modifies continually and to which
15、 he in turn continuously adapts. Materials are on of our oldest cultural assets. Historical eras are named after the materials that dominated at that time: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age possibly the end of which we are living through at this time. New materials such as polymers, sem
16、iconductors and superconductors, advanced alloys and ceramics, the amorphous metals, and increasingly the composite materials, are appearing on the scene and providing an impetus for technological developments, often with far-reaching consequences. One can expect the discovery of more materials in the future. Every chemical compound and every alloy is a material that could potentially revolutionize our lives to the extent that the fi
