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1、,Peter Newmark Communicative & Semantic Translation,Context 1. A Brief Introducion of Peter Newmark 2. Newmarks Main theories 3. Communicative and Semantic Translation 3.1 Theoratical Background 3.2 Theoratical Basis 3.3 Definition of CT & ST 3.4 Comparision between CT & ST 3.5 ST = Literal Translat
2、ion ? 4. References,Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,1. A Brief Introducion of Peter Newmark,彼得纽马克（19162011），是英国翻译研究界的元老，曾为英国萨里大学（Surry University）的教授。纽马克是著名的翻译家与翻译理论家，他从事过多种欧洲语言的翻译工作，是出色的译者和编辑。同时，他还是一位语言学家，并担任英国语言学家协会会长。他的主要兴趣就是把语言学的相关理论应用于翻译实践中，把翻译研究与英语语言研究相结合。主要著作有： 翻译问题探讨 (A
3、pproches to Translation, 1981)、翻译教程 (A Textbook of Translation, 1988)、关于翻译 (About Translation, 1983)、 翻译研究散论 (Paragraphs on Translation, 1985),Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,2. Newmarks Main theories,a. Communicative Translation(CT) & Semantic Translation(ST) 交际翻译 与 语义翻译 b. Me
4、taphor Translation 隐喻翻译,Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,3. Communicative and Semantic Translation,3.1 Theoratical Background,For Newmark, the equivalent effect is “ illusory“, and that “ the conflict of loyalties, the gap between emphasis on source and target language will alwa
5、ys remain as the overriding problem in translation theory and practice. “ (Newmark, 1981: 38),Equivalent Effect (Nida,1964),Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,3. Communicative and Semantic Translation,3.1 Theoratical Background,Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation
6、,3. Communicative and Semantic Translation,3.2 Theoratical Basis,纽马克语义和交际翻译理论的提出是以德国心理学家、功能语言学家卡尔布勒（Karl Buhler）和雅各布森（Roman Jakobson）论述的三大语言功能为依据，即表情功能；信息功能；感染功能；他还采纳了弗哥茨基（Vygotsky）关于思维本质的观点来区分两种翻译。纽马克认为早期翻译理论，即语言学时期对翻译的讨论，忽视了翻译与意义、思维和语言普遍性的关系，如何翻译应当视翻译目的、读者特点和文本类型而定。由此他提出了“语义翻译”和“交际翻译”，前者对作者忠实，后者强调
7、对译文读者忠实。 (张春慧，Peter Newmark 的语义翻译和交际翻译, 2009),Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,3. Communicative and Semantic Translation,3.3 Definition of CT & ST,e.g. A. You flatter me! 你吹捧我。/你拍我马屁。(ST) 你过奖了！/哪里，哪里！/岂敢岂敢！(CT) （陈德章编著，英汉翻译入门，2012：15 ）,B. 猴王道：“今日虽不归人王法律，不惧禽兽威服，将来年老血衰，暗中有阎王老子管着，一旦
8、身亡，可不枉生世界之中，不得久住天人之内？” （西游记，第一回） Yama, the king of the underworld (余国潘译) (ST) the king of hell (W.J.F.Jenner译) (CT) （姜静，卞建华，语义翻译和交际翻译 中佛教用语的翻译策略对比，2012）,Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,3. Communicative and Semantic Translation,3.3 Definition of CT & ST,Communicative translation
9、 attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. (Peter Newmark,
10、 1981:39),交际翻译试图使读者阅读译文所产生的效果尽可能地接近原语读者阅读原文所产生的效果。语义翻译则试图在合乎第二语言的语义和句法结构下，将原文的准确语境意义尽可能贴切地译出。 （李德凤等译）,Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,3. Communicative and Semantic Translation,3.4 Comparision between CT & ST,One basic difference between the two methods is that where there is a
11、conflict, the communicative must emphasize the force rather than the content of the message. (Peter Newmark, 1981:39),Bissiger Hund or Chien mchant ! Dog that bits! /Savage dog! （ST） Beware of the dog! （CT） (Peter Newmark, 1981:39) (Peter Newmark, 1981:39),（Jeremy Munday著,李德凤等译，翻译学导论, 2007：67）,Peter
12、 Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,3. Communicative and Semantic Translation,3.4 Comparision between CT & ST,e.g. A. 成事在人，谋事在天。 Man proposes, Heaven disposes. Man proposes, God disposes.,B. 因此，宝玉只和众丫头们掷股子赶围棋作戏。 So Pao-yu was left to amuse himself with the other maids at dices or draugh
13、ts.（杨宪益、戴乃迭译） Bao-yu played “Racing Go“ with the other maids. This was a game in which you moved your Gopieces across the board in accordance with the throw of dice, the object being to reach the opposite side before every thing else and pocket all the stakes.（David Hawkes 与 John Minford 译）,Peter Ne
14、wmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,3. Communicative and Semantic Translation,3.4 Comparision between CT & ST,Though there are not a few differences between CT and ST, “Communicative and semantic translation may well coincidein particular, where the text conveys a general rather than a cul
15、turally (temporally and spatially) bound message and where the matter is as important religious, philosophical, artistic and scientific texts, assuming second readers as informed and interested as the first.“ (Newmark, 1981:40),Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,3. Communicative a
16、nd Semantic Translation,3.4 Comparision between CT & ST,语义翻译和交际翻译绝对不是完全排斥的，语义翻译与交际翻译也有共同之处，两者不能绝对区分开来。 1. 认知翻译是两者共同的理论基础。 2. 如果原文的信息内容与表达信息的方法同样重要时，译者就要同时采取两种翻译方法，这样就可以既照顾到原文的作者又兼顾到译文的读者 3. 在同一个文本中，两种方法可以兼用。 (徐明玉，浅谈纽马克的语义翻译与交际翻译，2008),Peter Newmark: Communicative and Semantic Translation,3. Communicative and Semantic Translation,3.5 ST = Literal Translation ?,Peter Newmark poin
