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1、Takeoff Performance on Contaminated and Slippery Runways 在湿滑跑道上的起飞性能,Agenda: 议题,Basic Regulations and Definitions 基本规则和定义 Physics of Contaminated Runways 受污染跑道的物理性质 Operational Practice 运行常规 Operational Data/Applications 运行数据/应用,Airplane Takeoff Performance 飞机起飞性能,Contaminated runway 受污染的跑道 Accelera
2、tion/deceleration capability (Slush, standing water, snow covered) 加速/减速能力(泥泞, 积水, 雪覆盖) Slippery runway 滑跑道 Deceleration capability (Ice covered, compacted snow, or wet) 减速能力(结冰, 压紧的雪, 或湿),Regulatory Requirements 法规要求,FAA Operators 在FAA法规下运行的航空公司 Historically 过去 No definitive regulatory requirements
3、 for contaminated or slippery runway performance adjustments in Part 25 or 121 25和121部分,没有明确的法规要求湿或滑跑道起飞的性能调整,Current (737-6/7/8/900) - 现在 Wet runway is part of AFM certification basis No definitive regulatory requirements for contaminated or slippery (non-wet) 湿跑道是AFM认证基础的一部分,受污染或滑(不湿)跑道没有明确的法规要求,P
4、roposed Advisory Circular 91-6B includes: 提议的咨询通告91-6B 包含:,Guidelines for takeoff and landing with water, slush, snow or ice on runway 在积水,泥泞,积雪或结冰跑道起飞, 降落的指南 15-foot screen height for accelerate-go 加速起飞于跑道头达到机轮离地15英尺高度 Defines braking coefficient used for accelerate-stop distance calculation 定明使用在加
5、速-停机距离计算的刹车系数 Reverse thrust credit for accelerate-stop 反推帮助加速-停机 Includes wet runway 包含湿跑道 Defines contaminated runway 定义受污染的跑道,Runway is Wet when: 跑道是湿的, 当:,Pavement thoroughly soaked 道面完全湿透 Shiny in appearance 表面发亮 Depth less than 1/8 inch (3 mm) of water 积水厚度小于 3 毫米,Runway is CONTAMINATED when:*
6、 跑道是受污染的, 当:,More than 25% of the surface to be used is covered by standing water or slush more than 1/8 inch (3 mm) deep 超过25%的使用道面被厚度超过3毫米的积水或泥泞覆盖,OR 或,*As defined by FAA Advisory Circular 91-6B FAA 咨询通告 91-6B,Has an accumulation of snow or ice (Note: At Boeing, we consider compact snow and Ice as
7、 slippery runway for data presentation purposes) 积雪或结冰(注: 为了数据表达的目的, 波音公司认为压紧的雪和结冰是滑跑道),Additional considerations: 进一步的考虑,If the contaminants are lying on that portion of the runway where the high speed part of the takeoff roll will occur, it may be appropriate to consider the runway contaminated. 如
8、果跑道污染的部分是在起飞高速滑跑的位置, 可以认为跑道是受污染的.,Do NOT takeoff when the depth of standing water or slush is more than: 1/2 inch (13 mm) deep 当积水或泥泞厚度超过1/2 英寸(13毫米), 不要起飞,Agenda: 议题,Basic Regulations and Definitions 基本规则和定义 Physics of Contaminated Runways 受污染跑道的物理性质 Operational Practice 运行常规 Operational Data/Appli
9、cations 运行数据/应用,Takeoff Distance Is Proportional to 起飞距离和加速度成反比,Large Acceleration (a) Short Takeoff 大的加速度 Distance 短起飞距离 Small Acceleration (a) Long Takeoff 小的加速度 Distance 长起飞距离,Dry Runway Acceleration 乾跑道加速度,Friction 摩擦力,Drag 阻力,Thrust 推力,g,W,a =,Thrust - Drag - Friction,加速度 = 重力加速度/重量 (推力-阻力-摩擦力)
10、,Acceleration with Slush/Standing Water 泥泞/积水时的加速度,g,W,a =,Thrust - Drag - Friction -,Slush Drag,Slush Drag 泥泞阻力,Friction 摩擦力,Drag 阻力,Thrust 推力,加速度 = 重力加速度/重量 (推力-阻力-摩擦力-泥泞阻力),Slush force 泥泞力,Ground speed 地速,Slush Force 泥泞力,All Engine Acceleration Capability - 130 Knots 全发加速能力,6 mm of slush - 10-20
11、% reduction in all engine acceleration 6 毫米厚度泥泞- 减低全发加速10-20%,13 mm of slush - 20-40 % reduction in all engine acceleration 13 毫米厚度泥泞- 减低全发加速20-40%,Engine Out Acceleration Capability - 130 Knots 单发失效条件下的加速能力,6 mm of slush - 15-50 % reduction in engine out acceleration 6 毫米泥泞- 减低单发失效条件下加速15-50%,13 mm
12、 of slush - 30-110 % reduction in engine out acceleration 13 毫米泥泞- 减低单发失效条件下加速30-110%,One Engine Inoperative Deceleration Capability 130 Knots 单发失效减速能力,Dry - AFM performance - includes maximum braking, spoilers, idle thrust 乾跑道-AFM 性能-包含最大刹车, 扰流板, 慢车推力 Slush - includes wheel braking, spoilers, rever
13、se thrust, and slush drag 泥泞-包含轮刹车, 扰流板, 反推, 和泥泞阻力,Agenda: 议题,Basic Regulations and Definitions基本规则和定义 Physics of Contaminated Runways 受污染跑道的物理性质 Operational Practice 运行常规 Operational Data/Applications 运行数据/应用,Boeing Contaminated Runway Data Adjustments 波音受污染跑道数据修正,Package 1 - All engines operating
14、第一部- 全部发动机操作 Weight reduction 减少重量 No V1 adjustment provided 没有提供 V1 修正值 Preserves 15% margin above Minimum FAR Required Dry Runway Length 在最低FAR乾跑道长度规定上, 保留15%余度 Package 2 - Engine failure is considered - Jarops 1 第二部- 考虑发动机故障 Weight reduction and V1 adjustment provided 减少重量和提供V1修正 Credit for rever
15、se thrust 计入反推作用 15 foot screen height 在跑道头达到15英尺机轮离地高度,Data presented in airplane Operations Manual and PEM 飞机运行手册和PEM 提供数据,Constant Field Length Weight Reduction All Engine Data 固定跑道长度重量减轻-全发数据,Note: Stop has not been considered nor has continued takeoff following engine failure 不考虑停机, 不考虑单发失效时继续起
16、飞,Altitude 高度 Temperature 温度 Flap 襟翼,Field length 跑道长度,FAR Dry Field Length FAR 乾跑道长度,Brake release gross weight 松刹车起飞全重,Constant Field Length Weight Reduction All Engine Data 固定跑道长度重量减轻-全发数据,Note: Stop has not been considered nor has continued takeoff following engine failure 不考虑停机, 不考虑单发失效时继续起飞,Alt
