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1、Exercises to Linguistics外语系黄永亮Chapter 1 Invitation to Linguistics1. Define the following terms:Langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.Parole: parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Prescriptive: Prescriptive and desc
2、riptive represent two different types of linguistic study. if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behaviour in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should day and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Descriptive: Prescriptive and descri
3、ptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance: Chomsky defines p
4、erformance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Synchronic: The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; Diachronic: The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. Linguistics：Linguistics may be
5、 defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language. language： Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of symbols principally transmitted by vocal sounds.”2. Does the traffic light system have duality, why?No. No discrete units on the first level that can be combined
6、freely in the second level to form meaning. There is only simple one to one relationship between signs and meaning, namely, re-stop, green-go and yellow-get ready to go or stop.3. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facia
7、l expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?Less arbitrary, lack duality, less creative, limited repertoire, emotional-oriented.4. Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics?According to Chomsky, a language users underlying knowledge about t
8、he system of rules is called his linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite numbers of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speakers competence is stable but his performance is often influenced b
9、y psychological and social factors. Thus, Chomsky proposed that linguists should focus on the study of competence, not performance. The distinction of the two terms “ competence and performance” represents the orientation of linguistic study. So we can say competence and performance is an important
10、distinction in linguistics.5. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in the following basic ways:Firstly, priority is given, as mentioned earlier, to spoken language. Secondly, focus is on synchronic study of lan
11、guage, rather than on diachronic study of language. Thirdly, modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature. Linguists endeavor to state objectively the regularities of a language. They aim at finding out how a language is spoken: they do not attempt to tell people how it shoul
12、d be spoken. Fourthly, modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented. Modern linguists strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general. These features distinguished modern linguistics from traditional grammar. The two are complementary. Not
13、contradictory. Knowledge of both is necessary for a language teacher: knowledge of the latter is necessary for a language learner. Chapter 2 Phonetics1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English1) T voiced dental fricative2) F voiceless alveolar fricative3) N velar nasal4) d vo
14、iced alveolar stop5) p voiceless bilabial stop6) k voiceless velar stop7) l (alveolar) lateral8) i high front lax unrounded vowel9) u: high back tense rounded vowel10) R low back lax rounded vowel2. How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?Consonants are described according
15、 to manner and place of articulation while vowels are described with four criteria: part of the tongue that is raised; extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate; kind of opening made at the lips; position of soft palate.3. Which sound may be described as a voiced bilabial plosi
16、ve ba voiced labio-dental fricative va voiceless velar plosive k4. Why might a photographer ask the person she is photographing to say cheese?The vowel of the word cheese i: is produced with the lips spread, this resembling a smile.5.Account for the difference in articulation in each of the following pairs of
