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1、第七部分 强调与倒装一、学习指导英语中的强调通常可通过三种方式。第一种方式是通过调核重音，我们可以将重音放在希望强调任何一个词上，以引起听众的注意。第二种方法是通过词汇，如程度副词，强调副词，强调形容词，反-身代词和使用强调词do等。如：I simply dont believe it.我就是不相信.What on earth / in nature do you want?你究竟想要什么？This is the very book Im looking for.这正是我要找的书。He himself told me about it.他自己告诉我的。It did give us a few
2、headaches.这的确给我们带来了一些麻烦。第三种方法是通过句法结构，如前置，后移，倒装和断裂句等。下面主要讨论通过句法结构达到强调的方法。I. 前置（非主谓倒装）：几乎任何句子成分都可以提到句首加以强调而构成首置结构。注意这种结构中主谓不倒装。如：All this he did for you. （宾语前置）Calm he remained in the face of the ferocious enemy. （表语前置）What a fool she must think him. （宾补前置）In China I was born, and in China Ill die.（状语
3、前置）The harder your lessons are, the more good they will do you.这是正式文体中使用的修辞手法之一。II. 后移：因句末也是一个表示强调的位置，把一个句子的某个成分从它的正常位置移至句末也可以达到强调的效果，此为后移。英语中最常见的后移便是采用先行词it，将原来较长的主语或宾语后置。如：It is certain that he will win the race. （主语从句后移）Its no use consulting her. （动名词后移）Something put it into his head that he woul
4、d be a film star someday. （宾语从句后移）I think it important to tell the truth. （不定式后移）后移不仅可以起到强调作用，而且使句子看起来更加平衡。III. 倒装：英语陈述句一般是主语位于谓语，宾语或表语等前面，我们称之为倒装（inversion).倒装结构主要有两种：一种是完全倒装，即将整个谓语部分放到主语的前面。另一种叫部分倒装，只将谓语中的助动词，系动词或情态动词移到主语的前面，而实意动词仍保留在主语之后。1：完全倒装多发生在下列情形中。（1）由副词Here, There, Out, In, Up, Down, Away,
5、 Then, Now等开头的句子。如：Out went the arrow and hit the target right in the center.箭离弦而出，并射中了靶心。Now comes your turn to recite the text.现在轮到你来背课文了。注意：如果此时主语是代词，则即便状语提前，也保持正常词序。试比较：There goes the bell. There it goes.（2）句首状语为表示地点的介词短语，且谓语为单个动词时。如：Before us lay a sea of golden rice fields stretching as far as
6、 eyes could see.在我们面前是绵延至天边的金色稻田。On the back wall hung a huge oil painting.在后墙上挂着张巨幅油画。（3）表语置于句首。如：Present at the meeting were many honorable guests.（作表语的形容词提前）Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man with great achievements. （作表语的代词提前）Gone are the days when they had a hard life.（作表语的分词提前）2：部分倒装，往往出现在
7、以下结构中：（1）代替虚拟条件句。如果不用if引导的条件句来表示虚拟，则可采用部分倒装的形式替代。具体做法为：把if省去，将原条件句中的助动词had，情态动词should或系动词were置于句首即可。如：Had it not been for their support, we wouldnt have have achieved success.= If it had not been for their support, we wouldnt have achieved success.Should he come tomorrow, he would join in the drama.
8、= If he should come tomorrow, he would join in the drama.Were I you, I would take the job.= If I were you, I would take the job.注意：如果从句中无助动词，情态动词或系动词则不可倒装。如：Had I money, I would buy the recorder. (X)因此时的had是实意动词，表示“有”，而非助动词If I had money, I would buy the recorder. (/)（2）代替让步状语从句。可以用as或though得到状语结构来代
9、替although或though引导的让步状语从句。具体做法为：将要强调的部分置于句首，加上as或though，保留其余部分即可。如：Busy as/though he was, he always found time to do sports.= Although/Though he was busy, he always found time to do sports.注意：如果要强调的部分为一名词结构，如a/an加上名词，则通常省去不定冠词。如：Woman as/though she is, she is courageous.= Although/Though she is a wo
10、man, she is courageous.（3）由Only引导的状语结构置于句首，也需要发生部分倒装。如：Only now do I realize what a serious mistake I have I have made. (Only加副词前置)Only in a harmonious society can people live happily. (Only加介词短语前置)Only when the war was over was he able to return home. (Only加状语从句前置)注意：如果Only修饰的是句子的主语部分，则无需倒装。如：Only
11、staff members are allowed to enter this area.只有员工方可进入此地。（4）含否定意义的词或词组置于句首。如：Not, Never, Nowhere, Neither, Nor, Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely, Seldom, Little, By no means, On no account, At no time, Under no circumstances, In no case, Not only . but also, Not till ., No sooner . than ., Hardly . when, 等。例如：
12、Not a single mistake did George make.乔治连一个错误都没犯。Never before have the people enjoyed more freedom.人们从没享受过如此的自由。At no time should we relax our vigilance. 我们任何时候都不可放松警惕。Not only was the place crowded with people, but also it was full of all sorts of noises.这地方不仅挤满了人，而且充斥着各种各样的噪音。Not until his mother c
13、ame back did he get up.他直到母亲回来才起床。注意：如果否定词强调的仅仅是主语部分，则不用倒裝。如：Hardly a week passes by without any traffic accident.几乎没有一个星期是不发生交通事故的。Not only you but d also he is opposed to the plan. 不仅你而且他也不同意这个计划。（5）So，Neither，Nor开首的倒装省略句，表示“也（不）”。例如：- Darwin cant operate the computer.- Nor / Neither can I. 我也不会（操
14、作电脑）。- I like milk coffee.- So does Tom. 汤姆也喜欢喝奶咖。注意：有时So放于句首，仅仅是前置，而非倒装，意思与“也“无关。如：- She works hard at English.- So she doe. = She does so. （此处的so指代的是上文提及过的works hard at English这一动作。)她的确如此 / 她的确努力地学习英语。（6）部分程度副词如Well，So，Such，To such a degree/length；或频度副词如Often，Many a time，Now and then等，置于句首，句子发生部分倒装。如：Well do I remember the day when we got married.我清楚地记征得我们结姪婚的那一天。So strange was his appearance that no one recognized him.他
