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1、Clean Development Mechanism and Sustainable DevelopmentA discussion on the link between the CDMand Sustainable Development, an analysisof the current status of the CDM portfolio,and a multicriteria evaluation of the effectsof additional incentives in order to fosterbroad local Sustainable Developmen
2、tdividends from the CDM projectsPatrick NussbaumerSupervisor: Dr. Rafael Grasa HernndezUniversitat Autnoma de Barcelona / ICTAPhD program in Environmental SciencesOption Ecological Economics and Environmental ManagementBellaterra (Cerdanyola del Valls) Revised version / August 2006Patrick Nussbaumer
3、Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona / ICTAAbstractExosomatic energy, although not an unconditional human requirement per se, is present in many aspects of Human Development. The introductory section of this study presents an analysis of the link between Energy and Development, highlighting common point
4、s of and contradictions between Climate and Development measures. It presents also a discussion about Sustainable Development and the potential role that the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) could play in this regard.The goal of the CDM, as defined under the Kyoto Protocol framework, is twofold. It
5、 must offset greenhouse gases emissions and it should contribute to local Sustainable Development. However, the effective contribution of the CDM projects currently in the pipeline to the latter objective can be questioned. The shortcomings of the CDM in terms of Sustainable Development may be summa
6、rised as follows. Firstly, the quantity of CDM seems insufficient in order to have a significant impact both in terms of Climate and Development policies. Secondly, the quality of the projects, including some already approved, is unsatisfactory from a local Sustainable Development point of view. Thi
7、rdly, the distribution of the CDM activities across potential host-countries is extremely unequal. This paper critically examines the CDM projects currently in the pipeline based on those three drawbacks.Some institutions suggest alternative approaches with the aim of fostering broader local Sustain
8、able Development dividends from CDM projects. Two alternatives are the Gold Standard and the Community Development Carbon Fund. The former rewards best-practice CDM projects in terms of Sustainable Development while the latter focuses on promoting CDM projects located in underprivileged communities.
9、In the present work, a multi-criteria assessment method is applied to analyse the influence of those additional incentives from a local Sustainable Development point of view. Projects benefiting from such additional incentives are compared with others that do not embody such incentives. The evaluati
10、on reveals that the CDM projects benefiting from those additional incentives perform relatively well in terms of local Sustainable Development. Interestingly, other CDM projects behave similarly well, or even better, both in terms of overall performance and in terms of balanced repartition amongst t
11、he different Sustainable Development criteria.iiiPatrick NussbaumerUniversitat Autnoma de Barcelona / ICTAAcknowledgmentsFirstly, I wish to thank Dr. Rafael Grasa Hernndez for is support and advice during this investigation. His expertise and experience in International Relations, together with his
12、pragmatism, have been of great assistance for this work.Particular gratitude is expressed to Dr. David Tbara for his comments, suggestions and reading recommendations. Also, his constant encouragements significantly sustained my motivation. I am thankful to Gonzalo Gamboa for the discussions, assist
13、ance and advice in regards to multi-criteria evaluations. I was fortunate to count with the support of my friend, Rodrigo Fuster. His assistance contributed to clarify the focus and the structure of this study in its early stages. I wish to express my gratitude to the people who took the time to ans
14、wer to the questionnaire submitted for this research work. Also, many thanks are due to Dr. John Holmes, my father-in-law, for his advice on the structure and editing of this work.Above all, I wish to sincerely thank Victoria, my wife, for her constant support and understanding.ivPatrick NussbaumerU
15、niversitat Autnoma de Barcelona / ICTAList of FiguresFigure 1: Projected evolution of global climatic parameters according to differentemission scenarios. 6Figure 2: Lorenz curve of energy consumption compared to Gross DomesticProduct (GDP). 19Figure 3: Share of energy expenditures in household inco
16、me. . 21Figure 4: Human Development Index (HDI) in relation to annual per capita energyconsumption (in kg of oil equivalent, 1997). . 22Figure 5: Increase of energy consumption between 1990 and 2000. 23Figure 6: Number of CDM projects by types 31Figure 7 : Proportion of CERs by type of CDM. . 32Figure 8 : Evolution of the proportion of CER and projects from renewable energyin
