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1、Linguistics is a scientific study of language . 语言学是对语言进行的科学研究。General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. 普通语言学是对语言从整体上进行的研究the major branches of linguistics:语言学内部主要分支Phonetics：the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication. (语音学)对语言交流中语音的研究Phonology the study of how sounds a
2、re put together and used to convey meaning in communication. (音位学)如何组合在一起并在交 流中形传达意义.Morphology:the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (词法学、形态学)如何排列以及组合起来构成词语Syntax:the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (句法学) 如何在组成语法上可
3、接受的句子Semantics(语义学) the study of meaning in abstraction语言是用来传达意义的。Pragmatics(语用学) the study of meaning in context of use用来研究上下文的意义跨学科分支Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. 社会语言学是语言和社会之间关系的研究Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language
4、 and the mind. 心理语言学是语言与心灵的关系的研究Applied linguistics is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. 应用语言学是外国和第二语言教学的研究Some important distinctions in linguistics语言学中一些基本区分1. Descriptive or Prescriptive A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is
5、prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior. 描述性是在描述和分析人们对语言的实际运用，规定性是在为语言“正确和规范的”使用确立规则。 2. Synchronic and DiachronicThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study。共时性对语
6、言在历史的某一时间点的描述，历时性对语言随着时间的变化而变化的描述3. Speech and Writing.4. Langue and ParoleThis is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的)
7、language, or realization of langue.瑞士语言学家索绪尔于20实际早期提出，语言是一个话语社团所有成员共有的抽象的语言系统，言语是语言在实际运用中的实现。5. Competenceand and PerformanceCompetence is the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声). 语言能力定为理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方
8、面的知识，语言运用在语言交流中的具体实现。6Modern linguistics and traditional grammar现代语言学与传统语法Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. 语言学是描述性的而传统语法是规定。Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.现代语言学家认为口头语是最基本的，而不是书面语。Then, modern linguist
9、ics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 现在语言学不同于传统语法还在于它不强行将语言放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是有任意性，用于人类交流的语音标志系统。语言的本质特征1 Language is a system,i.e,elements of language
10、 are combined according to certain rules. 语言是一个系统，即语言的元素相结合，按照一定的规则 2 Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. 语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系，从这个意义上说语言是任意的。3 Language is vocal because the primary medium for all la
11、nguages is sound. 语言是有声，因为所有语言的主要媒介都是声音4 Language is human-specific,i.e.,it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess. 语言是人类特有的，它与其他生物的交际系统不同Design features of language 语言的结构，识别特征Design features refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish i
12、t from any animal system of communication. 识别的特征指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征1 arbitrariness -It means that there is no logical convention between meaning and sounds. 任意性-意味意义和语言之间的没有什么逻辑的联系2 productivity or Creativity -language is productivity or creativity in that it makes possible the construction and in
13、terpretation of new signals by its users. 能产性-语言是能产的或具有创造性的，它使得者可以建构或和解释的新的符号3 duality -language is system,which consists of two sets of structures. 双重性- 语言系统，它由两种结构组成套the lower or the basic level-sounds which are meaningless, but can be grouped and regrouped into words the higher level -words which
14、 are meaningful. 4Displacement- Language can be use to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker。移位性-语言能够指远离说话人所在场合的情境5 Cultural transmission while human capacity for language has a genetic basis,the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. 文化传承性-而人类的语言能力具有遗传的基础，任何语言系统的细节都要靠传教和学习。Chapter 2 Phonetics and phonologyPhonetics the study of the phonic medium of language: it is concerned with
