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1、专题四 阅读理解 热点考点透视 阅读理解主要考查学生的综合运用所学语言知识的能力,包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评价能力等。综观全国各省中考题,故事性文体占多数,兼有应用文和说明文。所选的阅读文章题材多样化,涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史地理、科学技术等各方面。题材多样化,包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格等各种文体。考查阅读理解的题型也从较为单一的选择、判断、回答问题等发展为形式多样的完成任务的题型,着重对词汇、语法、句法、文章理解等多方面的考查。,方法技巧点拨 如何做好阅读理解呢?在平时的训练中做到心里有数,稳
2、扎稳打地作练习;有目的、有方向地训练自己的不足之处。阅读的提高是一个中长期的训练过程,如何在第一步就领先一步呢?如何做好自己的计划和安排呢?是否真的有一些实用的技巧和方法呢?让我们来看看,到底要怎样做! 第一、要排除心理障碍,不要因为自身词汇量小,阅读文章中有较多的“拦路虎”,而对之望而生畏,造成紧张心理,导致越读越慌,越慌越难的窘境,从而影响正常地答题。对于阅读文章中的生词问题,在本书后面会详细介绍一下。 第二、切忌不带问题阅读。要先看题干,弄清题目要求,带着问题有目的地进行阅读,这样就能把握方向,同时也可边阅读边选出考查表层情况问题的答案,提高阅读效率及答题的正确性。,第三、切忌一个词一个
3、词割裂地理解,或将无关的词硬凑在一起理解,以致无法获取句子语义及特定语境中篇章的意义,造成信息流中断,曲解或偏离题意。 第四、是要善于抓关键句和主题句。文章的第一句或最后一句往往是文章或段落的关键句或主题句,对文章的理解起着重要的作用;同时要学会正确猜测词义,有机地联系上下文,读了上文,猜测下文,不要逐词翻译,造成前后脱节,缺乏语感,以至于理解错误。 第五、充分利用语篇中的文字或图表形式等基本信息,准确地捕捉关键事实和细节,进而归纳出主旨大意,领会全文的逻辑关系,弄清作者的写作意图等,进行推理判断,挖掘字里行间的深层内涵。,第六、完成选择时,看其是否与文中内容相矛盾,有无文中信息支持点,再有就
4、是看它是否完全符合题目的要求;如果让你判断其标题的话,要看文章表达的是人还是事,从而推断其标题内容。所有的选项必须以文章为基础,不要随意发挥想像或联想。 第七、切忌忽略时间。做阅读理解题时,一定要从整体上控制时间,时间分配根据文章的难易程度有别。文中一两处没弄懂的地方可以暂且放置一边,等把全部题做完后,再回头来处理。因为做完题后,你的心情相对放松了,往往会产生新的思路、新的灵感。即使做完题后时间所剩无几了,你再把未处理的题猜测一下也不晚,因为你仍然有选对的可能性。,第八、养成良好的阅读习惯。这个要靠平时的培养。克服阅读时不必要的附带动作,如头部转动、用手指或铅笔逐个点词等等;避免朗读,人看的速
5、度要比读快2倍,朗读必然影响阅读速度;不要逐词逐词地看,这样既影响速度又影响理解。正确的方法是头部不动,用眼睛去扫描,这样既能提高速度又能整句理解。 上面都是从大的方面进行指导,以下几则提示同学们可以在考试中尝试的实用技巧: 1如果文长题少,则以略读的方式先读一遍,而后带着问题去查阅,求得要找的答案。 2如果文短题多,则应先仔细阅读该短文,再去做题。遇到某个题答不来时,可带着该问题去查阅有关细节。,3如果问的是一段文章的中心思想,则应重点读段首句和段末句,看是否有主题句。有时主题句可能位于段中,也有的段落无明显的主题句,那就要自己分析、归纳中心思想。 4如果问题要求解答案数字、人名、地名、时间
6、等,则可直接用查阅的方法来寻求答案,也可先略读而后查阅。 5如果文章中提到的事实多、涉及面广,可采取抓关键词的办法,记住文章中所谈及的各个方面,从而判断选取答案。 6有时遇到看不懂的难句,读了几遍仍然不懂,可做记号,暂时放下,留待以后有时间再来考虑。,典题分类讲练 类型1 文化教育类 文化教育类的短文通常包括故事情节、人物或事物之间的关系、作者的态度和意图、故事的起因或结局等几个主要方面。阅读时要尽快把握文章可能涉及到的五个 W ( Who,Where,When,What,Why)和一个H (How)。只要抓住了这些关键环节,就可以很好地把握整篇文章的主要内容,做题时就会达到事半功倍的效果。,
7、【例】(2011福建莆田) Tea,coffee and cocoa are three major drinks all over the world.Tea is drunk by the largest number of people in the world. Tea,as well as silk and porcelain,began to be known by the world over a thousand years ago and has been an important Chinese export since then. Tea has a history of
8、 over 4,000 years and China is the home of tea.In ancient China,tea was used as a kind of medicine,while nowadays people drink tea daily.,Longjing,Puer,Wulong and Tieguanyin are all famous tea.Thanks to the mild climate and rich soil in Fujian,Zhejiang and Yunnan,tea is produced mainly in these prov
9、inces. The word for tea in different languages came from Chinese,like “chai” in Russian.And the Japanese character for tea is written exactly the same as it is in Chinese. Over the past centuries,Chinese people have developed their unique tea culture,which includes tea planting,tealeaf picking,tea m
10、aking,tea drinking and so on.Tea is also popular in some sayings,like “A_friendship_between_gentlemen_is_like_a cup_of tea”.In dances,songs,poems and novels,tea is often mentioned,too.,【主旨大意】中国作为茶的故乡,茶已经有4000多年的历史了,龙井,普洱,乌龙和铁观音都是中国的名茶。过去的几个世纪以来,中国人民自己独特的茶文化,包括种茶,采摘,生产,茶道等等都有了很大的发展。中国有句古话“君子之交淡如水”也说明
11、了茶很受欢迎。 根据短文内容,从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选择最佳答案。 1How many drinks are mentioned in this passage? AThree. BFour. CFive. DSix. 答案:A 解析:细节理解题。根据文章中第一段第一句话可知。,2Tea is produced mainly in Fujian,Zhejiang and Yunnan because _. Athey are all big provinces Bthey are all close to the sea Cthere are quite a lot of mo
12、untains there Dthe climate is mild and the soil is rich there 答案:D 解析:细节理解题。根据文章中第三段可知。,3The underlined sentence “ A friendship between gentlemen is like a cup of tea” in the last paragraph means _. A一个朋友就是一杯茶 B君子之交淡如水 C看到朋友就会想起茶 D绅士才能够喝茶 答案:B 解析:推理判断题。根据文章大意可知。,4Which of the following is TRUE accor
13、ding to the passage? ATea,cocoa and silk are important Chinese exports. BTea has more than 1,000 years of history. CJapan is the home of tea. DIn ancient China,people used tea as a kind of medicine. 答案:D 解析:细节理解题。根据文章中第二段可知。,5Which is the best title for the passage? AChinas Tea Culture BA Saying of
14、Tea CDrinks in the World DTea and Coffee 答案:A 解析:主旨大意题。根据文章大意可知。,随堂演练 (2011辽宁沈阳) If youre into sports,youve seen it happentennis players jump over the net to shake hands after a hard match; football players exchange jerseys(运动衣)after ninety minutes of knocking each other around; even boxers touch gl
15、oves at the beginning of each round.Players in every event,from spelling bees to golf(高尔夫球),act in this way.Its all part of sportsmanship(体育精神),a great tradition in sports and competition.It means playing and being calm all through the match.,Everyone feels great when they win.In the last few years,
16、you might see some players celebrate a goal(进球)with a long victory dance or talk big about their ability.However,its always hard for people to say in public that they made a bad play.Good sportsman- ship is what they really need.Its the golden rule of sports. Good sportsmanship means that you play by the rules,talk politely to everyone during games and stay cool even when you lose the game.At the school sports meeti