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1、专题十二 句子成分,考向分析 句子成分主要包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语等,虽然高考没有对其进行直接考查,但是句子成分对于判断考点和确定答案有非常大的帮助。例如,在语法填空题中,提示词是动词,空格处在句中作目的状语,且与主语是主动关系,则答案为不定式。,考点清单 一、主语 单句填空 1.Many people who/that live along the coast make a living in fishing industry. 答案 who/that 句意:许多住在海边的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。分析题干可知,“ live along the coast”为定语从句,先
2、行词指人,且关系词在从句中作主语,故用关系代词who/that作为定语从句的引导词。,语境运用,2.The disappearance (disappear) of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents. 答案 disappearance 句意:恐龙的消失并不一定是由天文事件引起 的。空格处在句中作主语,结合空前的定冠词可知,空格处填名词disap- pearance。 单句改错 3.(2017课标全国)Have enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce th
3、e urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. HaveHaving 答案 HaveHaving 该句中will之前是句子的主语,而动词原形不可 作主语,故Have改为动名词形式。,主语相当于句子的话题或主题,即要说明的人或物。能用来作主语的有名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句等。如: 1.My pen is green. 我的钢笔是绿色的。(名词作主语) The rich are not always happy.富人也不总是开心的。(“the+形容词”表示一类人,相当于名词) 2.
4、Her pen is blue, and mine is red.她的钢笔是蓝色的,我的是红色的。 (名词性物主代词作主语) These are my books. 这些是我的书。(指示代词作主语) Who is absent today? 今天谁迟到了?(疑问代词作主语) Is anything wrong with your umbrella?你的伞有毛病吗? (不定代词作主语),用法精讲,3.Eating too much is bad for your health. 吃得太多对你的身体有害。(动名词作主语) Taking a walk is much better than stay
5、ing at home. 散步比待在家里要好得 多。(动名词短语作主语) 4.To see is to believe.眼见为实。(动词不定式作主语) It will take him 3 hours to go to the station on foot.他步行去车站需要3个小时。(it作形式主语,动词不定式短语作真正的主语) 5.What the teacher said yesterday is important.昨天老师讲的很重要。(从句作主语),二、谓语 单句填空 1.In the 1950s in the USA, most families had (have) just o
6、ne phone at home, and wireless phones hadnt been invented yet. 答案 had 句意:在美国20世纪50年代,多数家庭只有一部电话,无线电 话还没有发明出来。空格处在句中作谓语,结合句首的时间状语In the 1950s和语境可知,空格处应用一般过去时态。故空格处填had。 2.It suddenly occurred to him that he had left (leave) his keys in the office. 答案 had left 句意:他突然想到他把钥匙落在办公室了。空格处在句中作谓语,且动作发生在occurr
7、ed之前,因此空格处应使用过去完成时态。故空格处填had left。,语境运用,单句改错 3.I found the test difficult, but I tried hard to do it; suddenly Mary, my best friend, asking me to let her copy my answers. askingasked 答案 askingasked “my best friend”是分号后句子的主语Mary的同位语,之后第一个词是句子的谓语动词,而现在分词或动名词不可作谓语,因此asking使用错误,由此结合前两句话的时态可知用asked。,句子中用
8、来说明主语的动作或存在的状态的部分叫谓语。谓语一般位于主语之后,谓语中最重要的部分是谓语动词,它有时态、语态和语气的变化,并受主语人称和数的影响。 谓语动词分类 (1)行为动词(或实义动词)具有明确的动作意义。行为动词分为不及物动词和及物动词,不及物动词本身词义完整,可以独立作谓语,而及物动词本身词义不完整,必须后跟宾语。 I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。(believe为及物动词,后加that引导的宾语从句,宾语从句中consider为及物动词,后加our suggestion
9、作宾语),用法精讲,How time flies! 时间过得真快呀!(fly为不及物动词) (2)系动词(或连系动词)起连接主语和表语的作用,本身有一定的词义,它和实义动词一样有时态的变化,也受主语的人称和数的影响。 It was late at night when we finally arrived.我们最后到达时已是深夜。 Was there a pool at the hotel?宾馆里有游泳池吗? The dish tastes good.这盘菜尝起来很好。(taste为系动词,后加形容词作表语) Gong Yues voice sounds so sweet.龚玥的嗓音听起来真甜
10、。(sound为系动词,后加形容词sweet作表语),(3)助动词可以协助主要动词构成不同的时态或语态,也可帮助主要动词构成疑问句、否定句或强调句。常见的助动词有be(am/is/are/was/were)、do (does/did)、have(has/had)、will。 We are running in the playground.我们正在操场上跑步。(are帮助现在分词 running构成现在进行时) The flowers are often watered by me.我经常给这些花儿浇水。(are帮助过去分词watered构成被动语态) He doesnt get up ear
11、ly every day.他并非每天起床都很早。(does帮助get up构成一般现在时的否定式) He does work very hard.他工作的确十分努力。(does帮助行为动词work构成强调句),Do you want to pass the exam?你想通过考试吗?(do帮助want构成疑问句) By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.到上月末为止,他们已经完成一半的工作了。(had帮助过去分词finished构成过去完成时) He will come here tomorrow.他明天将来
12、这里。(will帮助come构成一般将来时),三、表语 单句填空 1.I cannot control my body well. My legs become painful (pain). 答案 painful 分析句子成分可知,空格处在句中作表语,因此空格处 应用提示词的形容词形式。故空格处填painful。 2.Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was that it was rather closely modeled on his own life. 答案 that
13、分析句子成分可知,was之后是表语从句,在从句中不缺少成分,且句意完整,因此应用that作为引导词。,语境运用,单句改错 3.The teachers here are kind and helpfully; they are not only our teachers but also our friends. helpfullyhelpful 答案 helpfullyhelpful 在题干中,表语形容词kind与and之后的词是并列关系,因此helpfully应该改为形容词形式。故helpfully改为helpful。 表语在句中用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态、职业、内容、(动作)方
14、向或处所等。表语需位于系动词之后。可以作表语的有名词、代 词、形容词、动词不定式、分词、动名词以及从句(表语从句)等。,用法精讲,Five years later, he became an engineer.五年后,他成了一名工程师。(名词作表语) This is my dictionary. That is yours.这是我的词典,那本是你的。(代词作表语) We must keep healthy. 我们必须保持健康。(形容词作表语) My aim is to become a doctor.我的目标是成为一名医生。(不定式作表语) My job is teaching English
15、. 我的工作是教英文。(动名词短语作表语) The movie is quite moving.这部电影非常感人。(现在分词作表语) Thats why I want to stay here. 那就是我想待在这里的原因。(表语从句 作表语),四、宾语 单句填空 1.Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make (make) a new life for herself. 答案 to make wish之后接不定式作宾语。故空格处填不定式to make。 2.Keep holding (hold) your position for a w
16、hile. 答案 holding 该句中Keep之后需要接动名词作宾语。故空格处填 holding。,语境运用,单句改错 3.Thank you so much for not only giving me life, but also teach me how to be a good person. teachteaching 答案 teachteaching 分析句子结构可知,“not only.but also.”所连接的内容在句中作介词for的宾语,因此teach使用错误,应使用动名词形式。故 teach改为teaching。,表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语,即宾语是动作的承受者。英语中,及物动词(或相当于及物动词的动词短语)、介词须带宾语。可以充当宾语的有名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句(宾语从句)等。 I am reading a book. 我在看书。(名词作动词的宾语) Im going to Beijing with
