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1、Qualitative Research 13th of March,Qualitative Research,“You can learn a lot just by watching”,MAKING SENSE OF OTHERS REALITY,THE INTERPRETIVE PARADIGM,The interpretive approach argues that research should explore “socially meaningful action through the direct detailed observation of people in natur
2、al settings in order to arrive at understandings and interpretations of how people create and maintain their social worlds” (Neuman, 1997:68). We use “ methods that try to describe and interpret peoples feelings and experiences in human terms rather than through quantification and measurement” (Terr
3、e Blanche & Kelly, 1999: 123).,What to Observe or Study,Behaviors or practices Episodes, common events (death, birth, etc.) Encounters when groups or people interact Roles Relationship roles mother/daughter; wife/husband, Therapist/disabled, etc.,Qualitative Research Goals,Meaning: how people see th
4、e world Context: the world in which people act Process: what actions and activities people do Reasoning: why people act and behave the way they do,Maxwell, 2005,Phases in Qualitative Research,Conceptualize and plan study Use literature,formulate study purpose or question, identify study site,setting
5、s where/how data collection will occur, participants and entre to setting,Start study with concurrent data collection and analysis. Analysis focused on identifying themes and categories- similarities in data. Question or purpose may emerge and be refined. Data collection strategies may change,Sampli
6、ng and data collection determined by theoretical saturation. Analysis based on narrative description,Goal: Access the participants world & meanings. Researcher is the instrument,Selecting participants.,The goal is to get the deepest possible understanding of the setting being studied Requires identi
7、fying participants who can provide information about the particular topic and setting being studied,Selecting participants.,It is fraught with difficulties in identifying and selecting an appropriate number of participants who can provide useful information about the particular topic and setting bei
8、ng studied Utilizes purposive sampling,Random “Quantitative” Sampling,Select Representative individuals To generalize from sample to population To make claims about the population To build/test “theories” that explain the popn,Purposeful “Qualitative” Sampling,Select people/sites who can best help u
9、s understand our phenomenon To develop detailed understanding That might be “useful: information That might help people “learn” about the phenomenon That might give voice to “silenced” people,Differences Between Random & Purposeful Sampling,Sample size is always determined by the analysis. It is par
10、t of the design and so is influenced by the nature of the inquiry, quality of the informants, the quality of the data. The researcher is looking for saturationthe point at which there is no new cases coming from each new participant and redundant information keeps coming up. This must be differentia
11、ted from participant saturation where the researcher cannot drag anything new out of the umpteenth interview with that particular person.,Sampling in Qualitative Studies,Purposive sampling,Purposive sampling groups participants according to pre-selected criteria relevant to a particular research que
12、stion. ex. Vietnamese businessmen in the USA Sample sizes depend on: Resources and time available The studys objectives If the researcher needs a specific number of participants, quota sampling is better.,12,Quota sampling,Quota sampling begins with two decisions: What characteristics? How many peop
13、le? Characteristics are selected in order to find participants who have experience with or knowledge of the research topic. The researcher goes into the community and selects the predetermined number of people demonstrating the pre-selected characteristics.,13,Snowball sampling,Snowball sampling is
14、a form of purposive sampling. Participants refer the researcher to other potential participants. Snowball sampling is often used to find and recruit “hidden populations” groups not easily accessible to researchers.,14,Types of Data Collection (or “fieldwork”),Observation Interviewing Focus Groups Do
15、cument Analysis,Doing the Interview,Introduction and Building Rapport explain purpose again verbal confidentiality assurance (and go over form) no right or wrong answers o.k. to ask questions and clarify ask permission to record Your Questions If flexible format list of things to be sure to talk abo
16、ut To get rich data: PROBE AND FOLLOW You and the Interview: attending, listening, thinking, taking notes, taping note taking clarify something; to keep you focused silence and patience balanced with keeping the interview going redirect long-winded tangents back to your line of focus,After the Interview: Writing up the Interview and,Summary and notes of main points Verbatim transcripts (dont let them pile up) Ideas tentative pieces of analysi
