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1、 I 内容提要内容提要 刘师培作为“扬州学派”殿军，在清末民初的学术领域和政治舞台上都有 令人瞩目的表现。从醉心科举功名的学子到反清排满的斗士；从倡扬资产阶级 民主思想到推崇无政府主义；从同盟会革命阵营到投入清廷怀抱，甚至鼓吹帝 制；从一代经学大师到西学翘楚，到大谈国故等。作为学者和政治人物，刘师 培具有当时社会转型期知识分子的某些共同特点，即杂而多变。这样就导致刘 师培既在政治上被谴责，又在思想文化上往往被排斥或忽略。但不可否认的是， 不同时期的刘师培跌宕起伏的社会历史思想及其宣传，都对近代的中国社会产 生过较大的影响。因此，本文截取 1903 年他参加资产阶级民主革命到 1908 年 之前
2、大力传播无政府主义思想这个时间段，对刘师培的社会历史思想进行研究， 因为,这一时间段包含了刘师培思想发展与转变的两个最重要和最有价值的阶 段,也是学术界研究刘师培思想最集中和最主要的阶段。本论文主要从以下六个 方面对刘师培的社会历史思想进行梳理、分析和评述。 一，刘师培对进化思想的接受和应用。他运用进化论来考察人类社会和中 国社会历史的发展。他特别注重从生产工具和社会经济的角度来考察和构建人 类社会的进化过程，他还利用进化思想阐述人类社会的伦理起源。他信奉进化 论和社会进化思想，并结合中国历史作了自己的阐释，形成了自己的社会历史 进化观。特别是以历史进化论来建构中国历史的社会历史思想。二，刘师
3、培对 “君”与“民”关系的认识及其思想转变。他在从事资产阶级民主革命时期， 结合中国传统民本思想，批判中国的君主专制。在接受无政府主义思想后，他 认为广大民众，特别是农民和工人等下层社会民众是社会变革和历史发展的主 要力量，因此，主张鼓动广大下层民众进行革命。三，刘师培提倡以科技发展 实业，主张经济“共产制”等方面的思想和主张。他重视传播西方的科技，主 张以科技发展工商业。到 1907 年接受无政府主义后，他的经济思想更多地是主 张土地公有，宣扬无政府主义的经济“共产制” 。四，刘师培的伦理道德革命思 想。他对以家族伦理为本位的中国传统伦理进行了批判和改造，力图通过吸收 西方新的伦理道德和传统
4、思想中非儒家正统的伦理道德思想，改造以“三纲” II 为基础的那种不平等和自由的中国纲常伦理道德，进而实现中国社会的现代发 展。在转向无政府主义后，他提出更激烈的伦理观，片面强调平等，主张放弃 家庭伦理，消灭家庭，以求实现人人绝对平等的理想社会。五，刘师培倡扬“国 粹”和以古学复兴民族的文化观。他认为，文化是民族历史的精神和根本所在， 文化兴则民族兴。主张维护中国民族文化，同时，又比附和会通西方文化来论 证中国古代文化与西方文化具有共通性，因此，他认为只要中国文化能够像西 方那样走复兴古学，便能够实现中国的振兴。六，刘师培对民族起源、民族国 家与民族平等的新认识。他一方面大力传播西方近代的民族
5、观及其民族历史观， 另一方面又结合中国传统的夷夏民族观，探讨和建立中国近代民族及民族史理 论，并以此来重新建构和书写中国民族发展史，对中国民族的起源和发展，民 族平等民族融合等问题提出了诸多富有见地的思想。 刘师培的社会历史思想在内容上是丰富的，也是在不断变化的，其社会历 史思想的发展和传播对当时国人思想变化产生深远影响，对当时社会和政治思 想潮流也具有一定的冲击。对作为近代转型时期的知识分子刘师培社会历史思 想的挖掘和研究，对现代社会思想的发展与理解无疑也具有一定的借鉴意义。 关键词关键词: :1903-1908 刘师培 社会历史思想 III Abstract Liu Shipei as “
6、Yangzhou school“ top four, in the Late Qing Dynasty of academic and political arena have remarkable performance. Bent on civil service exam from students to the anti-fame full of fighters; Promoting bourgeois democratic ideas from the highly anarchism; revolutionary camp from the United Democrats to
7、 embrace in the Qing court, and even advocating monarchy; by learning from one generation to the Western master leading to States such as talking about it. As scholars and political figures, Liu Shipei had intellectuals at the time of social transition, some common features, namely, miscellaneous an
8、d varied. This led him to not only be condemned in the political but in the ideological culture often excluded or ignored. However, it is undeniable that, in different periods of ups and downs, his social and historical thinking and its publicity, both have a greater impact in modern Chinese society
9、. Therefore, in 1903 he took part in the interception of the bourgeois democratic revolution in 1908 to spread anarchist ideas vigorously before the time of Liu Shipei ideas of social and historical research, because this time period includes the development and changes in thinking Liu Shipei two mo
10、st important and most valuable stage, Liu Shipei also thinking of the academic study of the most concentrated and most important stage. This paper is mainly from the following six aspects to sort out thinking, analysis and commentary of the society and history of Liu Shipei. First, His acceptance an
11、d usage of the theory of evolusion .He used this to study human social and historical development of Chinese society. In particular, he focused on the production of tools and from the perspective of socio-economic survey and construction of the evolution of human society,he also described the use of
12、 evolutionary thinking on the origin of human society and the ethical. He believed in the theory of evolution and social evolution of thinking, combined with the history of China made their own interpretation, and form its own view of social and historical evolution. In particular, he took advantage
13、 of the history of the theory of evolution to IV construct the history of Chinas social and historical thinking. Second, his understanding and changing of the relationship between “Eagle“ and “the people“ .While engaged in the bourgeois democratic revolution period, he combined the Chinese tradition
14、al thinking of the people of this, critical of the autocratic monarchy in China. In an anarchist ideology, he believes that the general public, especially farmers and workers, such as the lower classes of people is the social change and historical development of the main force, and advocating the lo
15、wer, the majority of people to a revolution. Third, Liu Shipei promoted industrial technology development, that the economy “communist system“ and so the thinking and ideas. He attached importance to the dissemination of Western science and technology, and advocated the development of industrial tec
16、hnology. After accepting the anarchy in 1907, his economic thinking mostly is that Earth has to promote the economic anarchy, “the communist system.“ Fourth, His revolutionary ideas of ethics and morality. Ethics in his family-based traditional Chinese ethics and transformation of a critical, trying to absorb the West through the new ethical and traditional orthodox Confucian thinking of the Central African ethical ideology, the transformation to “Program Three“ based on the kind of inequality
