河北师范大学 硕士学位论文 清末民初直隶私塾改良研究 姓名：孟祥跃 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：中国近现代史 指导教师：张小莉 20100328 Ⅲ 摘 要 摘 要 1901 年，清政府迫于形势颁布兴学诏书，提出兴学育才为急需之务1904 年 1 月 颁行“癸卯学制” ，开始了全国范围内大规模的兴学运动但由于经费不足、师资缺乏 等因素，使新式小学堂的发展无法满足基础教育发展的需要政府在兴学的过程中，逐 渐认识到改良私塾这一传统资源对基础教育发展的补充作用于是，直隶地区积极响应 中央政策，改良私塾，以弥补新式教育发展的缺陷 1902 年 11 月，直隶学校司拟定《直隶省小学堂暂行章程》 ，令各州县书院和私塾改 为新式小学堂，直隶私塾改良开始起步；1907 年，直隶提学司颁布了《直隶提学司通饬 各属实行改良私塾文》 ，直隶私塾改良工作逐步开展；随后，各县区因地制宜，制定了 改良私塾的具体措施和方法，极大地推动了全省私塾改良工作地进行；民初政体渐趋稳 定后，直隶私塾改良事宜进一步推进，私塾改良法令也相继出台 直隶私塾改良的具体措施有很多种首先，调查私塾是私塾改良的首要步骤，劝学 所根据调查结果，对私塾进行认定；其次，教学改良是私塾改良中最重要的部分，通过 改良私塾的教学内容和教学方法，使其与新式小学的教学划一，逐渐纳入新式教育的轨 道；各地劝学员还要对已改良的私塾进行甄别、考核，分别优劣、拟定等级；设立私塾 改良会、改良研究会、定期召开私塾观摩会，交流经验、以资互参；通过各种途径培训 塾师，提高塾师素质。
直隶私塾改良取得了一定的成果，如：使私塾缩短了与新式学堂的距离；大量塾师 提高了素质，壮大了教师队伍；增加了新式学堂数量，吸纳了更多的失学儿童；减轻政 府的办学压力在一定程度上，私塾改良的经验对当今的社会主义教育改革还具有借鉴 作用但仍有私塾大量存在、改良私塾虚有其表、地方对私塾改良敷衍了事、改良阻力 大等问题 关键词：清末民初 直隶 私塾改良 基础教 Ⅳ ABSTRACT ABSTRACT In 1901, the Qing Government was forced by the situation promulgated the Decree of establish schools to meet the need of nurturing talents. In January 1904 the Qing Government enacted the “Guimao school system“ and began a nationwide large-scale movement of establish schools. However, due to insufficient funds, lack of teachers and other factors, the development of new primary schools can’t meet the need of the development of basic education. Because of making up schools ,Government gradually becomed aware of improvement of private schools is supplementary for basic education development. So Zhili province began to improved private schools to make up for the deficiencies of modern education. In November 1902, the schools Secretary of Zhili drawed up Interim constitution of Zhili Province province school, and commanded academies and private schools to change into new primary schools, so Zhili start carried out a job of improved private schools; 1907, Science Division Zhili mention promulgated The paper of Zhili education Division ordered throughout school to improvement, so Zhili gradually carried out a job of improved private schools; So after, the counties formulated specific measures and methods of private schools to promoted the improvement of provine’s private schools; the form of government of early Republican was stable , the improvement of Zhili private schools more pressed , the act of private schools improved was introduced afterwards. Improved of Zhili private schools had many specific measures. First, Ⅴ investigate private schools was the first step. The agency of Persuade up schools was based on the results of an investigation to identify private schools; Second, teaching improvement was the most important part of the improvement, through the improvement of teaching content and teaching methods to match with the new standard of teaching in primary schools, and gradually incorporated into the orbit of modern education; The staff mast screened、 assessed、 resolutied pros and cons and developet rating; the union of private schools and the research of improvement was establied, the demonstration meet of private school was held for exchanging experience and providing for each parameter; To improve the quality of teacher by private teacher training through various channels. The improvement of Zhili private schools made some results, such as: the distance between private school and the new primary schools was shortened; The quality of large number of teachers was improved , the teachers force was expanded; the number of new primary schools was increased, and more children out of school was attracted; the government pressures on schools was reduced. To some extent, the experience of private schools improvement is a reference for today's socialist education reform. However, there are some problem, such as there were still many private schools、 the resultof improvement was’t obvious、local government were perfunctoried、improved resistance was large. KEY WORDS: the late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China Zhili province the improvement of Private school Basic education Ⅱ 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文《清末民初直隶私塾改良研究》 ，是本人在导师 的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。
除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不 含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果 对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个 人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明本声明的法律后果由本人承担 论文作者（签名） ： 指导教师（签名） ： 年 月 日 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权说明学位论文版权使用授权说明 本学位论文作者完全了解河北师范大学有关保留和使用学位论文的规定，即：研究 生在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权单位属河北师范大学 学校有权保留并向国家 有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许学位论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以公 布学位论文的全部或部分内容，允许学校采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保存、汇编学 位论文 论文作者（签名） ： 指导教师（签名） ： 年 月 日 年 月 1 前 言 （一）选题意义与研究目的 私塾对于中华文化的形成及传承做出了不可磨灭的贡献，对于今天促进教学方法 改革和全面实施素质教育，仍然具有重要参考价值关于近现代私塾改良的研究，早期 并没有引起学者的关注，直到 90 年代末期才进入学术界的研究视野，并取得了一定的 成果。
但迄今为止还没有系统研究近现代河北私塾的论著出现，因此，笔者通过对资料 汇编、报刊杂志、文史资料、县志、教育志、档案等文献中的原始资料的收集整理，及 对前人关于私塾研究成果的借鉴，来展现清末民初直隶私塾改良的全过程 直隶地处京畿，是清政府的统治中心，受传统文化的影响很深从全国范围来看， 在近代私塾改良过程中， 直隶的传统观念和传统教育模式更为根深蒂固， 改良阻力更大， 传统私塾向现代化转变的历程也更为艰难但清末新政，全国掀起兴办新学堂的热潮， 袁世凯督直，废旧立新，使新式学堂蓬勃发展到 1909 年，直隶有小学堂一万零五百 六十九所，学生二十三万零八百一十三人，发展速度之快，实属罕见新式教育的出现 和科举的废除，人们的观念有了很大变化，直隶私塾改良的步伐也开始加快，这就形成 了传统私塾教育与新式学堂教育的鲜明对比和激烈碰撞 研究近代直隶私塾可以使当代人加深对传统私塾教育和传统文化的理解。