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1、第十讲主谓一致和特殊句式一主谓一致一、主谓一致的基础“3原则”主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、就近一致原则和意义一致原则。1语法一致原则主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to g
2、o abroad last year.那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。I think Tom，rather than you is to blame for the accident.我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。2就近一致原则(1)由or，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出
3、席明天的会议。(2)由there，here引导的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。There are three books and a pen on the desk.桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。3意义一致原则(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。The poet and writer has produced many works.这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。(2)“no/each/every/many a单数名词andno/each/every/many a单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Ever
4、y man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。二、主谓一致的3种特殊情况1“many a/more than one单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。Many a parent has had to go throu
5、gh this same painful process.很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。2all，the rest，the remaining/part主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。3“几分之几/百分之几of名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一
6、读。Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.昨天只做了60%的工作。典例 (2016全国卷甲语法填空)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow _(be) often acceptable.is解析： 句意：把不太重要的事情留到明天是可以接受的。分析句子结构可知，动名词短语Leaving the less important things until tomorrow作主语，谓语动词应用单数。故填is。单句语法填空/单句改错1(2017北京四校联考)Neither I nor Amy
7、_(be) to attend the business conference if we are busy.is解析： 句意：如果我们忙的话，我和埃米就都不去参加商务会议了。neithernor连接两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词与最近的名词或代词保持一致。设空处的单复数形式应与Amy一致，根据从句的时态可知应用一般现在时。故填is。2(2017湖南十三校联考)Our school along with many other brother middle schools _(be) to take another joint test next month.is解析： 句意：我们学校连同其他很
8、多兄弟学校下个月还要有一次联考。当主语后有along with连接的成分时，谓语动词的数应与主语保持一致，故应与Our school一致，所以谓语动词用单数。故填is。3(大纲全国卷)The understanding between two friends mean both of them have similar ideas and trust each other._meanmeans解析： 此处mean所作的成分为谓语，而其主语是动名词understanding。当单个动名词作主语时谓语动词用单数，因此改mean为means。4(2016浙江高考短文改错)He would ask w
9、ho we was and pretend not to know us._waswere解析： 句意：他会问我们是谁，并且假装不认识我们。ask后的宾语从句的主语是we，所以谓语动词用复数，而主句用了would ask，所以谓语动词用过去时，故改was为were。5(陕西高考)Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the skythey looked like rain！_waswere解析： 此句主语arrows为复数形式，故谓语动词也要用相应的复数形式。二特殊句式1部分倒装(1)当否定词或带有否定意义的词或短语位于句首时，常用部分倒
10、装。这类词或短语有：little，few，never，seldom，rarely，by no means，not only，not until，at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，in no way，no sooner，hardly，scarcely等。We laugh at jokes，but seldom do we think about how they work.我们听到笑话时会笑，但是却很少去考虑它们是如何让我们开怀大笑的。(福建高考)Not until he went through real hardship did
11、he realize the love we have for our families is important.直到他经历了真正的困难，他才意识到我们对家人的爱的重要性。(2)当only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时，用部分倒装。(湖南高考单项填空)Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.只有当你找到内心的平静时，你才能与他人保持良好的关系。(3)so/neither/nor置于句首时，用部分倒装。“sobe/助动词/情态动词主语”表示前面所说的
12、肯定情况也适合于另一人或物，意为“也是如此”。Ive got an enormous amount of work to do.我有大量的作业要做。So have I.我也如此。“neither/norbe/助动词/情态动词主语”表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人或物，意为“也不这样”。This is not my story，nor is it the whole story.My story plays out differently.这并不是(关于)我的故事，它也不是故事的全部。我的故事的结局是不同的。(4)在so/suchthat结构中，当“so形容词/副词”或“such名词”位于句首时
13、，用部分倒装。So suddenly did he catch the disease that the whole family were at a great loss.他突然患病，全家人全然不知所措。(5)在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，当从句的表语/状语/动词位于句首时，用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。Hard as they tried，they couldnt make her change her mind.尽管他们尽力了，但他们还是没能让她改变主意。2完全倒装(1)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词，如here，there，now，then，up，
14、down，in，away，out等置于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，句子需用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。The moment the bell rang，out rushed the children.铃一响，孩子们冲了出去。(2)当地点状语位于句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词是不及物动词，为了避免头重脚轻，句子需进行完全倒装。Next door to ours live a foreign couple，who seem to have settled into life in China.我们隔壁住着一对外国夫妇，他们看起来已经习惯了中国的生活。1强调句式(
15、1)强调句式的常用结构：陈述句：It is/was被强调部分that/who一般疑问句：Is/Was被强调部分that/who?特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(被强调部分)is/wasitthat?not until句式：It is/was not untilthatIt is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.只有通过倾听和相互理解，孩子和父母之间的问题才可能被解决。(强调方式状语)It was not until twelve oclock last night that I went to bed.昨天晚上我一直到十二点才睡。(2)强调句型可用来强调主语、宾语、状语等，被强调部分如果是人用that/who，如果是物要用that
