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1、天河区初中英语专题辅导讲义第四讲：阅读理解（一） 天河区教育局教研室 田小群Part I：专题分析：一、 体裁介绍：1、 记叙文 2、说明文 3、议论文 4、应用文二、题目设计：1、语义理解题。特点：要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子做出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关上下文，甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。2、事实细节辨认题:。特点：首先要求理解文章的内涵，抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局这几个环节，去分析、理解或计算得出结论。可从文章表面找到答案，只要通读全文所叙述的重要事实，就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。3、综合判断题特点
2、：需要理解文章内涵，读完全文后要通过分析理解或计算才能得出结论。标志：1）Which of the following sentence is not true according to the story?2) Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?3)The following statements are true except _?4、逻辑推理题特点：往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音和文外之意加以推理，才
3、能获得正确答案。应从情节所提供的基本事实出发，寻找一定规律，如：时间关系、条件关系、因果关系、比较关系、转折关系等作为推理的根据。标志：1)From the story we know that_. 2)How does the writer feel about ?5、归纳概括性题特点：要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、科学专业知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断，从而获取文章中暗含的信息。标志：1
4、) The passage mainly shows us_.2) The passage is mainly about3)The best title of the story is _.4) The main idea of the passage is that_.Part III: 解题技巧一、学会快速阅读1、略读(Skimming)看文章的大小标题，然后以快读的速度阅读文章每段的第一句，这样可以基本了解文章的大意。也可以快速地阅读文章的第一小段和最后小段，因为作者可能在第一段论述文章的主题或叙述内容概要，也可能在最后一段总结全文论述的内容。 2、寻读(Scanning) 寻读的目的
5、是寻找某种特定的信息，如人名、地名、时间、数字、事例等，从而解决某些具体的问题，对于那些无关信息可以忽略。如在做阅读测试时，可根据试题提出的问题到文章中去寻读与试题相关的信息。这种方法特别使用于应用文。二、学会寻找主题句 主题句是表达段落中心思想的句子，是段落中的关键性句子，抓住了主题句就抓住了段落中心思想。主题句一般在段首、段尾或段中。据统计，绝大部分的主题句在段首。主题句在段尾的段落通常采用归纳法撰写，段尾的主题句往往是依据上文的细节得出的结论或归纳的要点。三、学会猜测词义 1、利用上下文猜测词义：在阅读中我们可以利用熟悉的词所创设的上下文语境，来猜测生词的词义。 2、根据下定义或解释猜测
6、词义 3、利用同义词或反义词猜测词义 4、利用所举示例猜测词义（ 标志：for example，such as等词语） 5、利用生活常识猜测词义 6、根据构词法猜测词义 四、学会顺读和倒读 顺读就是先读文章，后读阅读测试题，看了测试题后，再回头到文章里找出正确答案。倒读就是先看测试题内容(一般只需看题目，不需看其选项)，然后带着这些疑问去读文章，找出正确答案。这种方法目的明确，容易集中注意力，较容易抓住文章与测试题关系密切的信息，也比较节省时间。表格式的、图标式的、时间表式的阅读材料常可采用倒读的办法。Part III: 例题精讲一、Try to find the topic sentence
7、. Waves(波浪)are beautiful t0 look at，but they can destroy ships at seaand wash away fields houses and buildings near the shoreWhat causes waves? Most waves are caused by winds blowing over the surface(表面)of the waterThe sun heats the earthThe sun causing the air to rise and the winds to blowThe winds
8、 blow across the sea, paddling little waves into bigger and bigger ones The size of a wave depends On how strong the wind is, how long it blows and how large the body of water is. That means：the stronger the wind is，the bigger the waves are, the larger the waves are. In a small bay(海湾)big waves will
9、 never build upBut at sea the wind can build up great powerful waves A rule says that the height of a wave(in meters)will usually go by no more than one-tenth of winds speed(in kilometers)In other words，when the wind is blowing at 120 kilometers per hour，most waves will be about twelve metersof cour
10、seSome waves may combine(使结合)to form giant(巨大的)waves that are much higherIn 1933, the United States Navy(海军)reposed the largest wave in history，which rose in the Pacific Ocean to a height of 34 meters 这是一篇有关海浪的说明文。第一小段说明了什么是海浪，海浪是怎样形成的。警一句话是对海浪进行定义，引出说明的主题；第二句是第一段的主题句，说明海浪的成因。第二段的主题句是开头的第一句，提示海浪的大小是
11、由三个因素决定的。第三小段的主题句也在开头，告诉我们海浪的高度与风速有关系。整篇文章主题明确，层次分明，有数据，让人一目了然。二、Try to find the right answer.A traveler came out of the airport. There were a lot of taxis. He asked every taxi-drive his name. Then he took the third one. It cost 5 dollars from the airport to the hotel How much does it cost for the w
12、hole day? The man asked. One hundred dollars, saidThe taxi driver . This was very expensive, but the man said it was OK.The taxi-driver took the man everywhere. He showed him all the parks and museums in the city. In the evening they went back to the hotel. The traveler gave the taxi-driver one hund
13、red dollars and said, What about tomorrow? The taxi-driver looked at the man and said, Tomorrow? Its another one hundred dollars. But the man said, Thats OK! See you tomorrow. The taxi-driver was very pleased.The next day the taxi-driver took the traveler everywhere again. They visited all the parks
14、 and museums again. And in the evening they went back to the hotel. The man gave the taxi-driver one hundred dollars again and said, Im going home tomorrow. The taxi- driver was sorry because he liked the traveler and, above all, one hundred dollars a day was a lot of money. So youre going home. Whe
15、re do you come from ? He asked. I come from New York. New York! said the taxi driver. I have a sister in New York. Her name is Susannah. Do you know her?Of course I know her. She gave me two hundred dollars for you !1. Why did the traveler ask every taxi-drivers name?A. Because he wanted a driver to show him around.B. Because be wanted to know the price.C. Because he wanted to find Susaanahs brother.D. Because be wanted to know them.2. Why did the traveler choose the third one?A. Becau
