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1、语法指南,二,一,一、主谓一致三原则 1.语法一致原则:一般地,语法形式是单数的主语,谓语动词用单数形式;语法形式是复数的主语,谓语动词用复数形式。 Tom gets up at 6:00 a.m. every day. 汤姆每天早晨六点起床。 2.意义一致原则:有些情况下,主谓一致取决于主语所表达的内在含义,而不必考虑其语法形式。 The police are searching for the spy in the city. 警察们正在这个城市里搜寻那个间谍。 3.就近一致原则:有时谓语动词要根据它最靠近的名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式。 Not only you but als
2、o he has known the secret. 不仅是你,而且他也已经知道了这个秘密。,语法指南,二,一,二、主谓一致应注意的问题 1.主语从句、动词-ing形式或不定式做主语时,谓语动词用单数。 When the meeting will be held is still unknown. 会议何时召开还不知道。 Smoking/To smoke is a bad habit. 吸烟是一种坏习惯。 2.and连接主语时,应注意以下几点: (1)两个单数名词用and连接表示一个概念,或是不可分割的整体做主语,谓语用单数形式。此类名词短语有: war and peace战争与和平;iron
3、 and steel钢铁;truth and honesty真诚;law and order法律与秩序;a cart and horse一套马车;a knife and fork一副刀叉;a needle and thread一套针线。 Egg and rice is her usual breakfast.她的早点通常是蛋炒饭。,语法指南,二,一,(2)做并列主语的单数名词前分别有each,every,no修饰时谓语动词用单数。 No chair and no desk is permitted to be taken away from the reading room. 不准把桌椅带出阅
4、览室。 Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩儿和女孩儿都有一个座位。 (3)凡由and连接两个带the(a或物主代词)的单数可数名词时,谓语动词用复数;如果只有前一个名词带the/a,则谓语动词用单数。 The singer and dancer comes from Guangxi. 那位既是歌手又是舞蹈演员的人来自广西。 A teacher and a student are doing an experiment in the lab. 一位老师和一位学生正在实验室做实验。,语法指南,二,一,(4)由and连接的两个疑问代词、不定式、动名
5、词做主语时,根据意义一致的原则,谓语动词用单数。 When and where the meeting will be held is not clear. 会议何时何地召开还不清楚。 To get up early and to go to bed early is a good habit. 早起早睡是个好习惯。 注意:如果两个疑问代词由and连接,并且表示两件不同事情时,谓语动词应该用复数形式。 What caused the accident and who would be responsible for it are not clear. 这起事故是什么原因引起的,谁将对此事故负责
6、还不清楚。,语法指南,二,一,3.如果主语后面带有together with,along with,as well as,accompanied by,rather than,as much as,no less than,besides,including,with,like等引导的短语时,句中谓语动词的单复数取决于主语的单复数。 The president,along with his body guards,was rushed away from the stadium. 总统和他的保镖一起被拥挤着离开了体育馆。 I,as well as my husband,was responsi
7、ble for the missing of our child. 我和我丈夫一样,对我们孩子的失踪负有责任。,语法指南,二,一,4.当主语是不定代词somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody,everything,nothing,something等时,谓语动词用单数。 Somebody is waiting for you outside. 有人在外边等你。 Nobody knows the answer. 没有人知道答案。,语法指南,二,一,5.代词none和neither做主语时,谓语动词可以用单数,也可以用复数,这取决于说话人的意思。当说话人着眼于“每一个都不
8、”或“两个中的任何一个都不”时,谓语动词用单数;当说话人着眼于“所有的都不”或“两者都不”时,谓语动词用复数。 None of them have/has a car. 他们都没有汽车。/他们没有一个人有汽车。 Neither of them work/works hard. 他们两个工作都不努力。/他们两个人谁也不努力工作。 6.“more than one+单数名词”或“many a+单数名词”做主语时,谓语动词用单数。 More than one student was late for school this morning. 今天早晨不止一个学生上学迟到了。 Many a way h
9、as been tried. 已经试过许多办法。,语法指南,二,一,7.谓语动词的人称和数由与其最近的主语决定。这样的关联词有: .or.;either.or.;neither.nor.;not only.but also.;not.but.;there be. Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都没有错。 Not only Thomas but also his parents have been invited to attend the party. 不仅托马斯,他的父母也受到邀请出席宴会。 8.有些集体名词做主语,看作一个整体时谓语动词用单数形式;若指其各个
10、成员,谓语动词用复数形式。此类集体名词有: family,class,group,team,government,audience,club,population,crowd,party,army,majority。 His family are all football fans. 他的一家人都是足球迷。(指家庭中的各个成员) His family is poor.他家很穷。(指整体),语法指南,二,一,9.“表示数量的名词+of+名词”做主语时,of后接复数名词时,谓语动词用复数;of后接不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数。此类表示数量的名词有: all,most,half,the rest,p
11、lenty,lots,some,the majority。 Half of his money has been stolen. 他一半的钱被偷了。 Half of his students have entered Peking University. 他一半的学生上了北京大学。 10.表时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词以及书刊名、专有名词等做主语时,常看作整体,谓语动词用单数。 Ten years is not a long time. 十年不算长。 The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book. 天方夜谭是本很有趣的书。,语法指南,二,一,
12、11.“a number of+复数名词”做主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;“the number of+复数名词”做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 A number of students were absent yesterday. 昨天许多学生缺席。 The number of jobless people is growing. 失业人数正在增加。 12.当百分数或分数修饰的词做主语时,谓语动词用单数还是用复数由名词来定。 Over 80 percent of the students have passed the exam. 80%以上的学生通过了考试。 Three-fourths of
13、 the work has been done by now. 到现在已完成了四分之三的工作。,语法指南,二,一,13.在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”中,如关系代词做主语引导定语从句,定语从句的谓语动词用复数;在“the(only) one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,则定语从句的谓语动词用单数。 One of the persons who were invited to the party is Tom. 汤姆是应邀参加晚会的人之一。 The only one of the teachers who was praised on Teachers Day was Mrs Wa
14、ng. 王老师是教师节受表彰的仅有的一位老师。 14.one or two+n.(pl.)做主语,谓语动词要用复数;但在“a(n)+n.(sing.)+or two”结构之后,谓语动词却常用单数。 One or two students are not enough for the work. 一两个学生是完不成这项工作的。 A student or two is not enough for the work. 一两个学生是完不成这项工作的。,语法指南,二,一,15.数词做主语,谓语动词通常用单数。在表示“加、减、乘、除”四则运算中,两数相减或相除,谓语动词用单数形式;两数相加,如采用并列形
15、式,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数;两数相乘,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。 Two and two is/are four. 2加2等于4。 Ten divided by two is five. 10除以2等于5。 16.有些形容词前面加上the,表示“一类人”,其意义为复数,谓语动词用复数形式。如:the old,the young,the living,the dead,the poor,the rich,the blind,the deaf,the wounded等。 The young should show respect for the old. 年轻人应该尊敬老年人。,语法指南
16、,二,一,17.在“It+be+被强调部分+that.”结构中的be动词应用单数形式。但that后面谓语动词的单复数要与被强调的部分在人称和数上保持一致。 It was Tom who was to blame for it. 应该为此负责的人是汤姆。 It is they who are responsible for it. 为此负责的是他们。 18.在there be句型及here引起的倒装句中,如有一系列并列主语时,be动词常与相邻的名词在数上保持一致。 There is some paper,two pens and some books on the desk. 课桌上有一些纸张,两支钢笔和一些书。 Hurry up!Here comes a bus. 快点儿!公共汽车来了。,
