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1、 www.esri.ie Working Paper No. 233 April 2008 ICT Diffusion, Innovation Systems, Globalisation and Regional Economic Dynamics: Theory and Empirical Evidence Charlie Karlssona, Gunther Maierb, Michaela Tripplb, Iulia Siedschlagc, Robert Owend, and Gavin Murphyc Abstract: The objective of this paper i
2、s to review the relevant theoretical and empirical literature to provide a conceptual and methodological background for the analysis of the consequences of ICT use and globalisation on the regional economies in the European Union. We highlight the key aspects of ICT as a general purpose technology,
3、discuss the economic impacts of ICT diffusion from a macro as well as from a micro perspective, and examine the spatial consequences of ICT diffusion. We focus on regional innovation systems and globalisation in order to propose an organizing framework for the analysis of the impact of ICT diffusion
4、 on regional development. Key words: Technology diffusion, Innovation systems, Globalisation, Regional development JEL classification: F23, O33, R11 Corresponding Author: iulia.siedschlagesri.ie ESRI working papers represent un-refereed work-in-progress by members who are solely responsible for the
5、content and any views expressed therein. Any comments on these papers will be welcome and should be sent to the author(s) by email. Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. * This paper was prepared as part of the study “The knowledge economy, economic transformations and ICT in the EU25+: Re
6、gional dynamics in the deployment phase”, (Contract No. 150605-2006 F1SC-IR) commissioned by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the European Commissions Joint Research Centre. We thank Salvador Barrios, Marc Bogdanowicz, Elena Navajas-Cawood, Andrea de Panizza, Brje Johansson, Pe
7、ter Nijkamp and Laura Resmini for helpful comments on earlier drafts. a Jnkping International Business School, Jnkping University, Sweden b University of Economics and Business Administration, Vienna, Austria c Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland d University of Nantes, France i
8、CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 ICT: DEFINITIONS AND MEASURES 4 3 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ICT DIFFUSION 8 3.1 ICT and Structural Change 10 3.2 The Effects of ICT on Aggregate Productivity and Output Growth 12 3.3 The Effects of ICT on Productivity and Output Growth at Firm Level 18 4 REGIONAL DYNAMICS AN
9、D ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS DURING THE DEPLOYMENT PHASE OF ICT 21 4.1 ICT and Spatial Transformations 24 4.2 ICT and the Location of Firms 28 4.3 ICT and Regional Economic Growth 30 5 REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS AND THE LAYERS OF INNOVATION 38 5.1 Regional Innovation Systems: Key Characteristics and
10、Dimensions 38 5.2 RIS and Linkages with National and International Innovation Systems 42 6 GLOBALISATION AND ICT IN THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY 55 6.1 ICT-enabled Outsourcing, Offshoring and Firms Performance 57 6.2 The Impact of Globalisation and ICT on Regional Performance 60 6.3 Policy Stakes of
11、Globalisation, ICT and Regional Development 62 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 64 7.1 Summary 64 7.2 ICT, Innovation Systems and Globalisation: An Integrated View 72 References 75 1 1. Introduction Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is no doubt one of the key innovations of the last century.
12、 ICT represent a new technological paradigm that belongs to the family of General Purpose Technologies (GPTs). A GPT has the potential for pervasive adoption and adaptation in a wide range or even all sectors of the economy in ways that drastically change operations and products as well as the relat
13、ionships between different sectors. The characteristics of GPTs have been described by Bresnahan and, innovational complementarities. However, other characteristics of GPTs are also important (Lipsey, Becar Brynjolfsson, Hitt decreasing costs for new equipment and features; a rapidly increasing rang
14、e of applications and penetration in an increasing number of realms of professional and personal life; an intertwined institutional market place, with the private sector acting in a decreasingly regulated environment (in most countries); a production and services package dependent on a range of qual
15、ities of skilled human resources, and a convergence of technologies. Unfortunately, there exists no clear or unambiguous agreement on the definition of ICT, or what sectors should be termed ICT sectors, which has been generally accepted (Schwartz, 1990; Malecki, 1991; Graham Jorgensen Mowery Lee van
16、 Ark, 2002). It must be observed that the benefits of investing in and using ICT depend on sector-specific effects. ICT are more important to raising productivity in certain sectors than in others and since different countries have different sectoral specialisation, their gains from investing in and using ICT will differ. Investments in and use of communication network technologies present a special case because of the benefits derived from spi
