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1、怎么写篇漂亮的research proposal，流传很广的写作指南。言简意赅，很实用 来源： 张阳阳的日志 文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada).题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下： Most students and beginning researchers do not full
2、y understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, ones research is only as a good as ones proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other
3、 hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher. A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally
4、, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study. Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:
5、What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it. The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology
6、is sound. The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coher
7、ent, clear and compelling. This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas. Title: It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, becau
8、se such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the readers interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal. Abstract: It is a brief summary of approxima
9、tely 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used. Introduction: The main purpose of the intr
10、oduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing. If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear
11、 trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident. Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules（固定的规则）on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how t
12、o write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas. However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains vi
13、able. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, tr
14、y to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance. The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The
15、 introduction generally covers the following elements: 1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study. 研究目的2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance. 为你的研究问题提供上下文和做好准备，以显示它的必要性和重要性。
16、3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing. 介绍你的研究的合理性，并清楚显示它的价值。4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research. 简明介绍你的研究所要处理的主要问题和次要问题。5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to s
