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1、Schumanns Pidginization Hypothesis and Acculturation Model,Schumann is a representative of the environmentalist approach to SLA. Environmentalist approach: denies the contribution of innate abilities. attempts to account for the learning process in terms of the external factors, such as the context
2、in which learning takes place, the learners experience, etc.,This Model was one of the most influential theories because: It has provided an explanation for the widely recognized differential success of second language learners. It opens up alternative lines of research by comparing SLA with pidgini
3、zation and creolization. It was a significant early attempt to address the neglected social side of language learning. The analogy between pidginization and early naturalistic SLA has generated a good deal of empirical research and theoretical debate.,This Model popularized the two linked concepts o
4、f pidginization and acculturation, which served as the main representatives of sociolinguistic thinking in the field of SLA. Pidginization is inspired by the branch of sociolinguistics which concerns itself with the study of contact languages (pidgins).,features of pidgin languages: have no native s
5、peakers; are the result of contact between two or more languages (groups); are not mutually intelligible with their source languages; usually draw most of their vocabulary from one language (often the language of the dominant groups);,have simple phonological systems; have semantically transparent r
6、elationships between words and meaning; have small vocabularies where words cover a wide semantic range. have a significantly simplified and reduced grammatical system,Researchers in the field of SLA began to notice the resemblances between learner languages and pidgins from the late 1960s on. Schum
7、anns Pidginization Hypothesis and Acculturation Model has been proposed on the basis of his case study of the adult second language learner Alberto, a Spanish-speaking learners of English, in 1975.,The research result shows that Alberto was the least successful one among the six learners studied. Al
8、bertos English was characterized by many of the forms observed in pidgins, e.g., “no + v negative system, failure of inverting questions , omitting most auxiliaries,etc. Most of the features occurred in Albertos IL shared the same processes of simplification and reduction as pidgins.,In order to acc
9、ount for Albertos slowness in SLA, Schumann turned to a range of measures drawn from social psychology including intelligence, age, social distance and psychological distance. Schumanns conclusion is that Albertos social distance and psychological distance from speakers of the target language might
10、be the cause of Albertos slowness in SLA.,Social distance refers to the lack of social integration with target language community. Psychological distance is the lack of interest in using the target language for anything but the essential needs of communication.,The social and psychological factors c
11、an create good or bad L2 learning situations. A good situation occurs when neither group is dominant and both groups want assimilation. A bad L2 learning situation is that one group is dominated by the other so that the psychological distance is great.,Social and psychological distance influence SLA
12、 by determining the amount of contact with the TL, and also the degree to which the learner is open to that input. When the social distance is great, the learner will receive very little L2 input; and when psychological distance is great, the learner will fail to convert available input into intake.
13、 When social and psychological distances are great, the learner fails to progress beyond the early stages of SLA, and the learners language will be pidginized.,Acculturation Model is used as a way of accounting for the varying degrees of success achieved by L2 learners. It is the process of becoming
14、 adapted to a new culture. It is an important aspect of SLA, because language is one of the most observable expressions of culture. And the successful language learning is more likely when learners succeed in acculturating.,“SLA is just one aspect of acculturation and the degree to which a learner acculturates to the target language group will control the degree to which he acquires the second language“ Schumann, 1986, p. 384.,
