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1、1. To discuss the differences between the civil law system and the common law system. (P4 )There are many differences between civil law system and common law system. The original places are different. The civil law system originated in ancient Rome, and the common law system originated in England.起源
2、地不同，民法起源于古罗马，普通法起源于英格兰 The main traditional source of the common law is cases, while the main traditional source of the civil law is legislation. Thus there are many codes in civil law countries instead of unwritten laws in common law system.普通法的主要传统渊源是案例法，民法的主要传统渊源是成文法。因此民法国家用许多成文法典取代普通法国家的不成文法 The
3、 civil law system pays more attention to substantive law; the common law system pays more attention to procedural rules.民法法系更多关注实体法，普通法更关注程序规则 The classification of law is different. The civil law is separated into public law and private law, the common law is separated into common law and equity.法的
4、分类不同，民法法系分为公法和私法，普通法法系分为普通法和衡平法 The role of judges and professors is another difference. Since theory and doctrines is important in legal education of civil law system, professor plays the important role to expose laws to students. In the contrary, case-law is the main source of common law, thus the
5、 judges has the discretion to make laws while trialing cases.法官和学者的作用不同，因为理论和学说在民法法系中的重要性，学者在教授学生法律时十分重要。相反的，案例法是普通法法系的主要渊源，因此法官在审理案件时有造法的自由裁量权 The civil procedure: Adversary system (对抗式诉讼)of common law system needs the parties to show the case the jury or the judges. And the judges need to be neutr
6、al and impartial. Inquisitorial system（纠问式诉讼） in civil law countries give the judges the power to investigate the case during the trail and also can ask the parties and the witnesses.民事诉讼程序：普通法法系的对抗式需要双方把案件展示给法官或陪审团。法官应该中立和公正。民法法系的纠问式诉讼给予法官在审理过程中调查案件的权力，也可以讯问双方当事人和证人。2 To discuss the main features o
7、f the American court system(P17-19)There are fifty-two court systems in the U.S. -each of the fifty states has its own system of courts, one for the District of Columbia and a federal system. They are independent systems of court. 美国存在52个法院系统，每一个州都有自己的法院系统，还有一个是哥伦比亚特区的和一个联邦法院系统。它们都是独立的法院系统。In the st
8、ate court systems, court structures and court nomenclature vary from state to state. But all the state court systems exhibit a hierarchical structure, in which the decisions of lower courts may be taken for review to a higher court. Typically a state system will include several tiers of court： 在州法院系
9、统中，法院的结构和名称各不相同。但所有的州法院系统都是一种层级结构，低级法院的判决可能被高级法院所推翻，但型的州法院系统通常包括以下几个层级：1) Trial courts of inferior jurisdiction 2) trial courts of general jurisdiction3) appellate courts下级管辖权的初审法院普遍管辖权的初审法院上诉法院The trial courts of inferior jurisdiction hear civil suits involving relatively small amounts of money and
10、 minor violations of the criminal law. While the trial courts of general jurisdiction can hear all kinds of cases, without monetary or subject matter limitation. 下级管辖权的初审法院审理标的额相对小的民事案件和轻微的刑事违法案件。普遍管辖权的初审法院审理各种类型的案件，没有数额或标的的限制。Every case should first be heard at the trial court. Then the party who l
11、oses at the trial court stage has a right to appeal case to the appellate court. Every state has its court of last resort, the appellate court which makes the final decision (subject to occasional review on “federal questions” by the Supreme Court of the United States) of what the law is and should
12、be. Most states have created intermediate appellate courts, empowered to finally dispose of the bulk of appellate cases.每个案件都应该先在初审法院审理，输掉的一方有权将案件上诉到上诉法院，每个州都有它的终审法院，受理上诉的法院会作出最终的裁决（受制于美国最高法院作出的关于联邦问题的临时性的判决对法律的解释）大多数州都有中级上诉法院，有权最终处理大多数经上诉法院审理的案子。The structure of the federal judicial system is simil
13、ar to what is found in the various states. There are three levels of courts: (1) U.S. district courts (trial courts of general jurisdiction) and various courts of limited jurisdiction(2) U.S. courts of appeals (intermediate courts of appeals), and (3) the United States Supreme Court. Not like the ot
14、her courts in federal judicial systems which are created by congress, the Supreme Court is created by Constitution. There are a few specialized federal courts (e.g. , the claims courts or the tax court ) which operate like District court in their specialized jurisdiction.联邦法院的结构类似于各州的结构，分为三层：有普遍管辖权的
15、联邦地区法院，和有各种有限管辖权的法院联邦上诉法院（中级上诉法院）和美国最高法院。不像联邦司法系统的由国会产生的其他法院，最高法院由宪法产生。还有一些联邦专门法院，比如索赔法院和税务法院，运作类似于联邦地区法院，只是拥有专门管辖权。3.To discuss the main features of the American court systemThere are fifty-two court systems in the U.S. each state has its own system of courts, one for the District of Columbia and a
16、 federal system. In the state court systems, court structures vary from state to state. But they all exhibit a hierarchical structure; decisions of lower courts may be reviewed by higher courts. A state system includes:1) Trial courts of inferior jurisdiction 2) trial courts of general jurisdiction3) appellate courtsThe trial courts of inferior jurisdiction hear civil litigations invol
