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1、Part 1 Getting Started 1 Instructors Manual to accompany Public Finance, Eighth Edition, by Harvey S. Rosen and Ted Gayer Suggested Answers to End-of-Chapter Discussion Questions Some of the questions have no single “correct” answer reasonable people can go off in different directions. In such cases
2、, the answers provided here sketch only a few possibilities. Chapter 1 - Introduction 1. a. Putins statement is consistent with an organic conception of government. Individuals and their goals are less important than the state. b. Locke makes a clear statement of the mechanistic view of the state in
3、 which individual liberty is of paramount importance. 2. Libertarians believe in a very limited government and are skeptical about the ability of government to improve social welfare. Social democrats believe that substantial government intervention is required for the good of individuals. Someone w
4、ith an organic conception of the state believes that the goals of society are set by the state and individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realization of social goals. a. A law prohibiting gambling would probably be opposed by a libertarian and advocated by a social democrat. Someon
5、e with an organic conception of the state would first decide whether gambling would help to achieve the states goals before taking a position on this issue. If the view is that gambling keeps individuals from being productive, then someone with an organic view would probably be in favor of prohibiti
6、ng it, but if gambling is considered a good way to raise more revenue for the state, then they might oppose the prohibition. b. Libertarians oppose the law mandating seat belt use, arguing that individuals can best decide whether or not to use seat belts without government coercion. Social democrats
7、 take the position that the mandate saves lives and ultimately benefits individuals. The organic view would probably lead to favoring the mandate on the grounds that reduced health care costs caused by fewer accidents benefit society. c. Libertarians oppose the law mandating child safety seats, argu
8、ing that individuals can best decide whether or not to use child safety seats without government coercion. Social democrats take the position that the mandate saves lives and ultimately benefits individuals. The organic view would probably lead to favoring the mandate on the grounds that reduced hea
9、lth care costs caused by fewer accidents benefit society. Chapter 1 - Introduction 2 d. Libertarians would probably oppose a law prohibiting prostitution, while social democrats would likely favor such a law. The organic view depends on the type of society policymakers are attempting to achieve. The
10、 law would probably be favored on moral grounds. e. Libertarians would probably oppose a law prohibiting polygamy, while social democrats would likely favor such a law. The organic view depends on the type of society policymakers are attempting to achieve. The law would probably be favored on moral
11、grounds. f. Libertarians would likely oppose the law, believing that individual business owners should make the decision about which language is used for their signs. Social democrats would also probably oppose the law in order to foster a more inclusive society. Those with an organic view would pro
12、bably favor the law if they hold the view that every member of the society should speak the native language. 3. The mechanistic view of government says that the government is a contrivance created by individuals to better achieve their individual goals. Within the mechanistic tradition, people could
13、 disagree on the obesity tax. Libertarians would say that people can decide what is best for themselves - whether to consume high calorie food - and do not need prodding from the government. In contrast, social democrats might argue that people are too short sighted to know what is good for them, so
14、 that government-provided inducements are appropriate. 4. a. If the size of government is measured by direct expenditures, the mandate does not directly increase it. Costs of compliance, however, may be high and would appear as an increase in a “regulatory budget.” b. This law would not increase gov
15、ernment expenditures, but the high costs of compliance would increase the regulatory budget. c. Its hard to say whether this represents an increase or decrease in the size of government. One possibility is that GDP stayed the same, and government purchases of goods and services fell. Another is that
16、 government purchases of goods and services grew, but at a slower rate than the GDP. One must also consider coincident federal credit and regulatory activities and state and local budgets. d. The federal budget would decrease if grants-in-aid were reduced. However, if state and local governments offset this by increasing taxes, the size of the government sector as a whole would not go down as much as one would have guessed. Part 1 Getting Started 3 5. The inflation erodes the real v
