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1、高考必考语法精讲精练语法专题十二:非谓语动词非谓语动词是高考必考点,2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲附录语法项目表中对非谓语动词列了三项:动词不定式、动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)。 2015年高考全国卷第68题和70题(语法填空)分别考查了过去分词conducted和现在分词living做后置定语。2016年高考全国卷第66题和67题(语法填空)分别考查了过去分词表示被动和动名词做宾语。2017年高考全国卷第63题和68题(语法填空)分别考查了动词不定式做宾补和动名词做宾语。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词,其中分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。 非谓语动词可以充当除了谓
2、语之外的其他成分,如下表:主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式动名词分 词动词不定式一、动词不定式的形式主动被动一般式to do to be done否定式not to donot to be done完成时to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing无2、 动词不定式的用法 动词不定式可以充当谓语之外的所有句子成分,动词不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。 1作主语 (1)动词不定式作主语,一般表示具体的某次动作,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:To see is to believe.To master Englis
3、h is of great importance. (2)不定式或不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,构成“It is + adj+for sb.+to do”结构,或It is +adj+for sth +to be done。例如:It is impossible for him to give up smoking. It is not easy to find your way in the mountain.It is difficult for the problem to be solved.It is impossible for my question to be ans
4、wered in his absence.2.作宾语 (1)动词不定式作宾语时,常跟在某些及物动词后面,常见的有:agree,dare,decide,expect,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want, intend, fail, wish, choose等。例如:I mean to go there at once.We must learn to tell friends from enemies. (2)不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾补之后,而用it作形式宾语。句型为“主语+fi
5、nd (feel, think, believe, consider,etc) +it+形容词/名词+to do sth”。例如:I think it necessary to report the thing to the teacher.I find it interesting to work with him. (3)动词不定式还可以用作介词except、but和besides的宾语,如果介词前为动词do的某种形式,则后面接不带to的不定式,否则带to。cannot choose but、cannot help but和cannot but后的不定式也省略to。常用句型有:There
6、is nothing to do but+do 例如:There is nothing to do but wait.do nothing but/except+do 例如:We can do nothing but wait.cannot help/choose but+do 例如:We cannot choose but wait.have no choice but to do 例如:We have no choice but to wait.3作表语 动词不定式作表语,常放在系动词之后,表示将来的动作,主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词,如wish,task,purpose,duty,
7、job等。例如:To teach is to learn.My job is to help the patient.【注意】如果在主语中(通常在主语从句或修饰主语的定语从句中)有实义动词do时,作表语的动词不定式省略to。例如:All I want to do now (What I want to do now) is fill my stomach.4.作定语 不定式可以放在名词、代词、序数词、the only和形容词最高级等后面作定语。常被不定式修饰的名词有:chance,need,promise,time,opportunity,way等。不定式常表示将来的动作。(1)不定式与被修饰
8、的名词往往构成逻辑上的关系。如果不定式与该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,则不定式用主动形式;如果不定式与该句的主语不构成逻辑上的主谓关系,则不定式用被动形式。例如:He is not a man to tell lies.There will not be enough space to stand in on the earth. - I will go home tomorrow,do you have anything to be taken to your parents? -No,thanks.(2)作定语的不定式与所修饰的名词之间是动宾关系, 而且不定式动词又是不及物动词时,应在该
9、动词上加上一个介词。例如:He has a nice pen to write with.He is looking for a room to live in.It is said that the best way to travel by is on foot.5作状语 不定式作状语时,可表示目的、原因、结果或条件。例如:Im very glad to hear the news. (原因)不定式作目的状语时,常可构成in order to, so as to 例如:He got up early so as not to be late.不定式可以跟在表语的形容词之后作状语。例如:Th
10、e question is difficult to answer.有些不定式短语可以做独立成份,通常放在句首,有时置于句中或句未,须用逗号的开,如:to begin with,to be honest,to tell you the truth等。例如:To be honest,my English is poor. 不定式作结果状语常用如下句型:Too + 形容词/副词 + to do sth 例如:He is too young to go to school.形容词/副词 + enough + to do sth 例如:He is old enough to dress himself
11、.enough+名词 +to do sth 例如:I have enough money to buy a car.such +(形容词)名词 +as to do sth 例如:He is such a clever boy as to work out the question quickly.so + 形容词/副词 + as to do sth 例如:He is so clever a boy as to work out the question quickly.【注意】不定式作状语,其逻辑主语与句子主语必须一致。【注意】不定式可以放在only后面表示未曾预料的结果。例如:He hurr
12、ied to the railway station,only to find that the train had left.I got to his house ,only to be told that he wasnt in.6.作补语(宾语补足语和主语补足语),有两种情况:(1)接带to的不定式作宾语补足语,这类动词或动词短语有:ask, tell, invite, force, get, beg, allow, help, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, instruct, p
13、ermit, request, order, warn, cause, urge, call on, depend on, long for, wait for等,构成V+sb.+to do结构。例如:I didnt mean you to hear it.We are longing for the new term to begin. (2)在感官动词(see, hear, feel, listen to , notice, watch, observe等)和使役动词(let, have,make )后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但这类句子变成被动语态时,必须带to。(注意:let, ha
14、ve不用于被动语态)例如:I saw him play in the park.He was seen to play in the park.The boss made those men work day and night.Those men were made to work day and night. 注意:tell、advise等动词后面可以接“连接代词或连接副词+to do”作宾语补足语。例如:You did not tell me how to pronounce the word. 动名词主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehav
15、ing been done否定式not doingnot having donenot being donenot having been done动名词的基本形式是由动词末尾加-ing形式构成,动名词具有动词和名词的特点:动词的特点体现在它可以有自己的宾语、状语和补足语,有时态和语态的变化;名词的特点体现在它可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。一、动名词的时态、语态和否定形式 动名词的时态有一般式和完成式;语态有主动和语态和被动语态;动名词的否定式是直接在其前面加上not。以do为例,列表说明如下:1、 动名词的时态。动名词的一般式表示的动作通常是一般性的动作,即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作,或者是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作;完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。