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1、IntegratedOptics 李宝军stslbj Contents Chapter 1 Introduction介绍 1.1 merit and features of integrated optics集成光学的优点和特点 1.2 integrated optics and fiber-optic communication集成光学与光纤通信 1.3 materials for integrated集成的材料 Chapter 2 Optical waveguides光学波导 2.1 planar(or slab) waveguides平面/平板的波导 2.2 ridge waveguid
2、es脊波导 2.3 buried/channel waveguides掩埋/通道波导 2.4 straight waveguides直波导 2.5 bend waveguides弯波导 Chapter 3 Theory of optical waveguides光学波导理论 3.1 modes in optical waveguide structures光学波导结构中的模式 3.2 optical waveguide theory in planar(or slab) waveguides平面/平板的波导的光波导理论 3.3 optical waveguides theory in rect
3、angular waveguides矩形波导的光波导理论 3.4 coupled mode theory耦合模式理论 3.5 beam propagation method光束传输方法 Chapter 4 Waveguide Fabrication Technique波导制造技术 4.1 deposition 沉积 4.2 ion implantation 离子注入 4.3 diffusion 扩散 4.4 epitaxial growth (MBE ,MOCVD , etc) 外延生长 4.5 lithography 光刻 4.6 etching 蚀刻 Chapter 5 Optical W
4、aveguide Components光学波导组成部分 5.1 directional coupler 定向耦合器 5.2 optical y-branch(spitter) Y形管 5.3 optical modulator光学调制器 5.4 optical switch光学开关 5.5 wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) 波分复用 5.6 optical amplifiers光学放大器 5.7 optical sources光源 Light emitting diodes (LEDs) 发光二极管 Laser diodes(LDs) 激光二极管 5
5、.8 optical detectors/receivers光学探测器/接收器 Chapter 6 Characterization 特性 6.1 passive waveguide components 被动波导组成部分 6.2 modulators and switches调制器和开关 6.3 light sources光源 6.4 detectors探测器 Chapter 7 Optical Integration光学集成 7.1 Hybrid Integration 混合集成 7.2 monolithic integration 单片集成 Chapter 8 Perspectives远
6、景 8.1 micro-& nano-Integration微/纳集成 8.2 nanotechnology and photonic Integration纳米技术和光子集成 LECTURE 2 Merits and Features of Integrated Optics集成光学的优点和特点 Silicon-Based Integrated Optics硅衬底集成光学集成光学 Monolithic Integrated Optic system单片集成光学系统 Comparison of optics fibers with other interconnectors.集成光学的优点：
7、Advantages: 1. Immunity from electromagnetic inference 不受电磁干扰 2. Freedom from electrical short circuits or ground loops 不会电线短路或接地 3. Safety in combustible environment不易燃 4. Security from monitoring安全不被监控 5. Low-loss transmission传输损耗低 6. Large bandwidth (i.e. multiplexing capability) 宽带宽 7. Small siz
8、e ,light weight小而轻 8. Inexpensive,composed of plentiful materials便宜，材料丰富 Major Disadvantage 1.Cannot be used for electrical power transmission无法用于电力传输 Comparison of optical integration with electrical integration Advantages: 1. Increased bandwidth增强带宽 2. Expanded frequency (wave length) division mul
9、tiplexing 扩大的频分复用 3. Low-loss couplers ,including bus access types 低耦合损耗 4. Expanded multipole switching (number of poles ,switching speed) 多极开关 5. Smaller size ,weight ,lower power consumption小而轻，低能量损耗 6. Batch fabrication economy 批量制造便宜 7. Improved optical alignment ,immunity to vibration 光学准直，防震
10、Major Disadvantages: High cost of developing new fabrication technology 发展新制造技术成本高 Lecture 3 Integrated Optics & Optical Communications. 集成光学与光通信 Communication Network 通信网络 The breakthrough created by manufacture of low-loss optical fibers and semiconductor lasers has given birth to a new discipline
11、 photonics or the science of mastering light 低损耗光纤和半导体激光器所创造的突破使光子和掌握光的新学科诞生 Optical Fiber 光纤 Optical fiber is the new corner in telecommunications Glass has been used as a material for centuries ,and its fabrication was well developed The only problem of light guided through a glass fiber is the qu
12、ick attenuation of light Optical fiber cables have a much greater bandwidth (i.e. they transmit more data) and they are less susceptible to interference.不易受到干扰 A fiber is thinner than a human hair but is very strong and takes less room than an ordinary cable. Currently all new undersea cables are ma
13、de of optical fibers With the arrival of cable TV systems ,optical fiber is getting closer to our home Guiding Light in an Optical Fiber在光纤中导光 The principle of guiding light in an optical fiber is simple 1.the light enters the core of the fiber光从光芯核进入 2.the light strikes the interface（分界面）of core/cl
14、adding（履层）and is reflected back from the interface because of the difference in refractivity between the core and the cladding 光撞向光芯和履层的分界面，而后因为光芯和履层的反射率不同被反射回去 Losses in an Optical Fiber 光纤的损耗 Coupling loss 耦合损耗 Fresnel reflection loss菲涅尔反射损耗 Absorption loss 吸收损耗 Rayleigh scattering loss 瑞利散射损耗 Mic
15、robending loss Bending loss 弯曲损耗 Connect loss 连接损耗 Various types of electromagnetic radiation 不同种类电磁辐射 Near infrared & optical communications考试！ ！ ！ 近红外和可见光通信 1310/1550 nm &dispersion 传播 波分复用第四代（第三代）【重要】 Optical devices & optical communications 光学设备和光通信 Lecture 4 Materials for Integrated Optics 集成光学
16、的材料 The choice of a substrate material on which to fabricate on optical on optical integrated circuit depends most strongly on the function to be performed. 集成光学芯片基底材料的选择主要取决于功能 No one substrate material will be optimum for all of them. 没有对所有芯片都合适的基底。 Material List 材料名单 Passive (incapable of light generation)不发光 Quartz 石英 Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) Lithium tantalite (LiTaO3) Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) Silicon 硅 Polymers 聚合物 Active (capable of light
