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1、安徽大学 硕士学位论文 菜子湖群大型底栖动物的群落结构研究 姓名：徐小雨 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：生态学 指导教师：周立志 2010-05 摘 要 I 菜子湖群大型底栖动物的群落结构研究菜子湖群大型底栖动物的群落结构研究 摘摘 要要 最近几十年来，长江中下游湖泊受到养殖、围垦、水利工程等人为干扰活动 的影响，富营养化进程加快，生态系统受到严重干扰。大型底栖动物作为湖泊渔 业资源的重要组成部分，极易受到人为干扰的影响。为了探讨渔业养殖等人为干 扰对大型底栖动物群落结构和水体污染的影响，我们于 2008 年 7 月至 2009 年 6 月在安庆菜子湖群所属的三个湖区，对大型底栖动物的种类组成、空
2、间分布、季 节动态、群落多样性以及水体污染现状进行了系统的研究。 分别于春(2009 年 3 月、2009 年 5 月） 、夏（2008 年 7 月、2009 年 6 月） 、 秋（2008 年 9 月、2008 年 11 月）和冬（2008 年 12 月）四个季节对 49 个采样 点进行 7 次野外采样。采用面积为 1/16 m2改良彼得生采泥器进行采样，每个样 点重复采集两次。样品分类鉴定后对每个点的样品进行数量统计和生物量测定。 利用单因素方差分析，检验各个类群的密度和生物量的空间和季节差异；通过聚 类分析探讨不同养殖区大型底栖动物群落物种多样性分异； 采用 Shannon-Wiener
3、 指数比较不同湖区大型底栖动物的群落多样性；采用 GI、BPI、HBI 三种指数评 价水体污染情况。 本次调查共采集到大型底栖动物 34 属 39 种，其中环节动物 7 属 7 种、软体 动物 15 属 19 种、节肢动物 12 属 13 种，优势种有摇蚊（Tendipes sp.） 、苏氏尾 鳃蚓（Branchiura sowerbyi） 、长角涵螺（Alocinma longicornis） 。其中，白兔湖 和菜子湖均以软体动物种类最多，嬉子湖的节肢动物种类最多。 大型底栖动物密度为 55.2076.25 ind./m2，生物量为 19.5665.37 g/m2，其中 白兔湖、菜子湖、嬉子
4、湖密度分别为 63.4352.76、36.4434.49 和 79.77118.90 ind./m2，生物量分别为 17.4828.24、21.7039.44 和 4.9418.46 g/m2。嬉子湖节 肢动物密度和生物量均显著大于白兔湖和菜子湖（P0.01） ，而白兔湖和菜子湖 中软体动物密度和生物量均显著大于嬉子湖（P0.01） 。 聚类分析表明白兔湖、 菜子湖两个湖区的大型底栖动物的群落结构相似性较 高，但与嬉子湖鱼类养殖区的相似性较低。白兔湖和菜子湖大型底栖动物 Shannon-Wiener 指数分别为 2.25、1.71，嬉子湖仅为 1.44。 白兔湖青鱼(Mylopharyngod
5、on piceus)、鳙鱼（Aristichthys mobilis） 、中华绒 菜子湖大型底栖动物群落研究 II 螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)混养区的GI、BPI、HBI指数评价结果分别为清洁、轻中 度污染、中度污染，菜子湖鳙鱼、中华绒螯蟹混养区和草鱼、鲢鱼、中华绒螯蟹 混养区分别为轻度污染、 轻中污染、 中度污染， 嬉子湖天然捕捞区和鳙鱼、 鲢鱼、 青鱼混养区分别为中度污染、轻中污染、严重污染。嬉子湖水体污染程度高于白 兔湖和菜子湖，白兔湖和菜子湖水体污染状况相似。三种评价指数以HBI较为敏 感，对水体污染状况的区分度较高。 与 2001 年相比，大型底栖动物的优势种发生了
6、改变，群落多样性显著降低。 渔业养殖、 人工堤坝等人为干扰已经对菜子湖大型底栖动物群落结构产生了较大 的影响，发展可持续渔业将是湖泊生态系统保护的重要途径。 关键词：关键词：大型底栖动物；群落生态；生物多样性指数；水体污染评价；菜子湖群 Abstract III A study on Community Structure of Macrozoobenthos in Caizi Lake Group Abstract In recent years, increasing aquiculture, reclamations and hydraulic engineerings is wides
7、pread in the lakes in middle and low floodplain of Yangtze River, resulting in accelerating eutrophication and wetlands degradation. Macrozoobenthos as important fishery resources are prone to be exploited. In order to have an insight into the macrozoobenthic community in response to the disturbance
8、 imposed on the lake wetlands, we surveyed the density and biomass of the macrozoobenthos on 49 sampling sites in different lake regions of Caizi Lake group, Anqing City, Anhui Province for seven times in 2008 and 2009. We surveyed the density and biomass of the macrozoobenthos at 49 sampling sites
9、seven times, including twice in spring, summer, autumn respectively, and one time in winter. We sampled twice at each sites using improved 1/16 m2 Peterson Catcher. After classifying, we count and weigh for the population of each site. One Way-Anova Analysis was used to analyze the spatio-temporal c
10、hanges of the macrozoobenthic density and biomass in the three lake regions. We analyzed the community structure using Clustering Analysis in different fishery regions. Biodiversity was indicated with Shannon-Wiener index, and the pollution state of different lake regions with GI，BPI，HBI index. A to
11、tal of 39 macrozoobenthic species were found, of those the dominant species were Tendipes sp., Branchiura sowerbyi, and Alocinma longicornis. And the species in Baitu Lake and Caizi Lake were dominated by mollusca, while in Xizi Lake by arthropoda. The average macrozoobenthic density was 55.2076.25
12、ind./m2 and the average biomass was 19.5665.37 g/m2. The average density was 63.4352.76, 36.4434.49 and 79.77118.90 ind./m2, and the average biomass was 17.4828.24, 21.7039.44 and 4.9418.46 g/m2 in Baitu Lake, Caizi Lake and Xizi Lake respectively. The average density and biomass of Arthropoda was s
13、ignificantly higher in Xizi Lake than those in Baitu Lake (P0.01) and Caizi Lake(P0.01). But the average density and biomass of Mollusk was significantly lower in Xizi Lake than those in Baitu Lake(P 0.01) and Caizi Lake(P0.01). 菜子湖大型底栖动物群落研究 IV Clustering Analysis showed high similarity of macrozoo
14、benthic community between Baitu Lake and Caizi Lake. Shannon-Wiener indice were 2.25, 1.71 and 1.44 in Baitu Lake, Caizi Lake and Xizi Lake respectively. GI, BPI and HBI index showed that the water quality was clean, slight-moderate or moderate pollution in polyculture zones for crab, black and bigh
15、ead crap in Baitu Lake, and slight, slight-moderate or moderate pollution in two polyculture zones in Caizi Lake, while moderate, slight-moderate or serious pollution in two polyculture zones of Xizi Lake respectively. The water pollution state in Baitu Lake was similar with that in Caizi Lake, both
16、 of them were better than in Xizi Lake. Hilsenhoff index was susceptive than both Goodnight-Whitley index and Biology Pollution index. Compared with the indice in 2001, Macrozoobenthic diversity decreased, and the dominant species have changed. Macrozoobenthic community structure has changed on the pressure of anthropogenic interference, such as aquiculture. A sustainable fishery model was needed for the biodiversity conservation of the lake wetland. Keywords: Macrozooben
