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1、. . . .正在消失的胡同文化资料一：Hutongs (simplified Chinese: 胡同; traditional Chinese: 衚衕; pinyin: htng) are a type of narrow streets or alleys, most commonly associated with Beijing, China. In Beijing, hutongs are alleys formed by lines of siheyuan, traditional courtyard residences.1 Many neighbourhoods were fo
2、rmed by joining one siheyuan to another to form a hutong, and then joining one hutong to another. The word hutong is also used to refer to such neighbourhoods.Since the mid-20th century, the number of Beijing hutongs has dropped dramatically as they are demolished to make way for new roads and build
3、ings. More recently, some hutongs have been designated as protected areas in an attempt to preserve this aspect of Chinese cultural history.Historical hutongsA typical courtyard of a Hutong. On the roof the owner keeps his pigeonsDuring Chinas dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing an
4、d arranged the residential areas according to the social classes of the Zhou Dynasty (1027 - 256 BC). The term hutong, originally meaning water wells,2 appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty, and it is believed to be a term of Mongol language origin.2In the Ming Dynasty (early 15th century) the cent
5、er was the Forbidden City, surrounded in concentric circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social status were permitted to live closer to the center of the circlescitation needed. Aristocrats lived to the east and west of the imperial palace. The large siheyuan of these high-ra
6、nking officials and wealthy merchants often featured beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars and carefully landscaped gardens. The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by spacious homes and walled gardens. Farther from the palace, and to its north and south, were the commoners, merc
7、hants, artisans, and laborers. Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and simpler in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower.citation neededNearly all siheyuan had their main buildings and gates facing south for better lighting; thus a majority of hutongs run from east to west. Betwee
8、n the main hutongs, many tiny lanes ran north and south for convenient passage.citation neededHistorically, a hutong was also once used as the lowest level of administrative geographical divisions within a city in ancient China, as in the paifang (牌坊) system: the largest division within a city in an
9、cient China was a fang (坊), equivalent to current day precinct. Each fang (坊) was enclosed by walls or fences, and the gates of these enclosures were shut and guarded every night, somewhat like a modern gated community. Each fang (坊) was further divided into several plate or pai (牌), which is equiva
10、lent to a current day (unincorporated) community (or neighborhood). Each pai (牌), in turn, contained an area including several hutongs, and during the Ming Dynasty, Beijing was divided into a total of 36 fangs (坊).citation neededHowever, as the ancient Chinese urban administration division system ga
11、ve way to population and household divisions instead of geographical divisions, the hutongs were no longer used as the lowest level of administrative geographical division and were replaced with other divisional approaches.citation neededHutongs in the modern eraAt the turn of the 20th century, the
12、Qing court was disintegrating as Chinas dynastic era came to an end. The traditional arrangement of hutongs was also affected. Many new hutongs, built haphazardly and with no apparent plan, began to appear on the outskirts of the old city, while the old ones lost their former neat appearance. The so
13、cial stratification of the residents also began to evaporate, reflecting the collapse of the feudal system.citation neededDuring the period of the Republic of China from 1911 to 1948, society was unstable, fraught with civil wars and repeated foreign invasions. Beijing deteriorated, and the conditio
14、ns of the hutongs worsened. Siheyuans previously owned and occupied by single families were subdivided and shared by many households, with additions tacked on as needed, built with whatever materials were available. The 978 hutongs listed in Qing Dynasty records swelled to 1,330 by 1949.citation nee
15、ded Today, in some hutongs, such as those in Da Shi Lan, the conditions remain poor.3资料二：汉语意思：曾经是北京城市重要象征的胡同,已经不能适应现代化大都市的生活，落伍于时代的发展和生活节奏的变化。虽然许多人留恋胡同，留恋曾有的岁月，怀念邻里情谊、大家庭般的温暖，但是这些温情都阻挡不了胡同的没落。北京这些年发展很快，很多胡同消失了，许多人搬进高楼大厦，住上宽敞的公寓，但是胡同文化的传承仍表现在他们的身上。富裕的现代生活，并没有隔绝他们和胡同文化千丝万缕的精神联系。文化的没落不等于物质的消失。胡同文化会转移、分
16、解、传承到新的载体上。在迈向现代文明的旅程中，既要创造新的文化，也要继承优秀的传统文化.英语意思：共0条评论.Beijing city was once an important symbol of the alley, has been unable to meet modern metropolis of life, falling behind in the development of the times and the pace of life changes. Although many people nostalgia alley, nostalgia was the years to come, remember the neighbourhood friendship, family-like warmth, but they h
