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1、Chapter 6 Science and Technology,A Glimpse of Chinese Culture,本章教学的目的,1. 熟悉中国古代科技成果; 2.了解现代中国科技成果; 3. 中西医效果探讨。,本章教学的重难点,1. 四大发明、中医 2. 现代科学技术 3. 有关中西医讨论,本章教学的时间安排,教师课堂讲解（60 minutes） Ancient science and technology (35 minutes) Modern science and technology achievements (25 minutes) 师生讨论 (10minues) 学生课
2、件展示 (30minutes),Ancient Science and Technology,The Four Major Inventions (15 minutes) Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) (10 minutes) Other Impressive Ancient Inventions (10 minutes),The Four Major Inventions,Compass Papermaking Gunpowder Printing,Compass,The compass is a device showing geographic d
3、irection by using the earths magnetic field. It enabled trade and exploration in whole new ways.,Early in the Warring States period, while mining ores and melting copper and iron, Chinese people chanced upon a natural magnetite that attracted iron and pointed fixedly north. Referred to as a “South-p
4、ointer“, the spoon or ladle (长柄杓子) shaped compass is made of magnetic lodestone (天然磁石), and the plate is bronze. The circular center represents Heaven, and the square plate represents Earth.,A compass vehicle (指南车) was an ancient Chinese vehicle equipped with many gear wheels and a wooden figure tha
5、t always pointed south no matter which direction the vehicle went. Its an earlier and more primitive form of the compass.,Paper Making,Paper has been a major medium of recording, transmitting, and storing information in human civilization. The earliest characters were inscribed on bones, tortoise sh
6、ells and bronze wares in the Shang Dynasty and later on silk, bamboo and wood.,Do you know the process of paper-making?,In the Eastern Han Dynasty, a court official named Cai Lun (蔡伦) used inexpensive materials such as bark, hemp (麻头), rags, fishnet, wheat stalks (麦杆) and other materials to make pap
7、er, known as Cai lun Paper (蔡侯纸). The materials were soaked, cut into pieces, boiled with plant ash, washed, and grounded with a pestle in a mortar (杵和臼). The mixture was then poured evenly on a flat surface to dry, or baked to become paper. It was relatively cheap, light, thin, durable and more sui
8、table for brush writing.,Bamboo Slips The bamboo slip has been used as a book form for the longest time in Chinese history. It was the main writing tool before the invention of papermaking and the popularization of paper.,Gunpowder,Gunpowder was invented in China, not by people seeking better weapon
9、s or even explosives, but by alchemists (炼金术士) seeking the elixir (长生不老药) of immortality.,In the Yuan Dynasty, the method of making gunpowder was introduced to the Arab world and Europe, bringing a series of revolutions to weapon manufacturing, as well as to stratagem (战略) and tactics (战术) on the ba
10、ttlefield.,Printing,Printing, known as “mother of civilization”, was another great invention of the Chinese people. It has a long history and includes block printing (雕版印刷) and movable type printing (活字印刷).,Block Printing was probably invented between the Sui and Tang dynasties. The process of block
11、 printing started with the cutting of wood into blocks, and then characters were engraved in relief (凸起) on the blocks. Ink was brushed on the engraved block and a white sheet of paper was spread across it and then brushed with a clean brush on its back leaving an image when the paper was removed.,T
12、he worlds oldest surviving book printed on paper is Vajra Sutra (金刚经). It is the earliest woodcut illustration in a printed book.,Movable Type Printing involved engraving single words into pieces of clay, firing them until hardened and using them as permanent type. The type was then set into printin
13、g plates.,Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）,Traditional Chinese painting, Beijing Opera, and traditional Chinese medicine are known throughout the world as the three treasures of China. Traditional Chinese medicine is very different from Western Medicine in its means of diagnosis, treatment and its
14、composition of drugs and prescriptions.,Chinese practitioners of traditional medicine take a holistic approach to diagnosis. They consider the whole body of the patient: his/her diet, age, habits, emotions, life-style and living environment. They pay particular attention to the causes of the sicknes
15、s rather than the symptoms.,Listening, smelling, inquiring, observing, and feeling the pulse (望、闻、问、切) are four diagnostic (诊断的) methods in traditional Chinese medicine.,There were a large number of great men of medical science and materia medica (草药学) in ancient China. How many do you know?,Bian Qu
16、e (扁鹊), of the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period, specialized in treating diseases of women and children and the five sense organs. He invented the four diagnostic methods.,Hua Tuo (华佗), of the Eastern Han Dynasty, specialized in medicine (内科), surgery (外科), gynecology (妇科) and pediatrics (儿科). He invented a general anesthetic Mafeisan (麻醉剂“麻沸散”) and a system of therapeutical (医疗的) exercises called “the Five-animal exercises” (五禽戏).,Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景), of the Eastern
