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1、Unit 4 Abstract (2),Topical Highlights 1.“5 Steps“ for Abstract Writing 2. “5A Strategy“ 3.Likely Mistakes/Common Errors 4.Attention: vocabulary (3),Theme Presentation 1. “5 Steps“ for Abstract Writing 1) Underlining Key Words and Sentences Underline the key words and sentences signaled by transitio
2、nal devices: headings, topic, supporting and concluding sentences of paragraphs, mark transitional markers ; note the key words indicating comparison/contrast or essentials,2) Listing Essential Points of the Paper List the main points drawn from the whole paper. Try to put the same emphasis onto the
3、 points of your paper Check the table of contents or the outline or the main points of the paper. 3) Boiling down Each Section to a Sentence or Two,4) Drafting the Abstract Use your own words wherever possible. Avoid including opinions, examples, details and explanations. Do not use such phrases as
4、“as noted in.“, “as shown by .“ or “for example,.“. Eliminate references to tables, figures, or sources. Write concise, straightforward English; count every word.,5) Checking the Final Draft make sure your abstract useful, representative and readable. the abstract be clarity, consistency, proper emp
5、hasis, and objectivity.,2. “5A Strategy“ 200 -word abstract be critical and objective . answering the following questions will make your abstract satisfactory: Q1 What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field? Q2: What research topic is the paper to focus on?,Q3: What method or m
6、aterial do you use to support your main point of view? Q4 : What conclusion will you draw? Q5: What is the main contribution of the paper?,Then the abstract can be improved on by using the following formula: Abstract = A1+ A2 +A3+ A4 + A5 where, A1 to Q1 (one sentence) A2 to Q2 (one topic sentence,
7、one or two supporting sentences ) A3 to Q3 (two or three sentences give specific information ) A4 to Q4 (one sentence) A5 to Q5 (one sentence),Ex. 4-1 Abstract (1) Modem management is essentially about managing people as well as processes in a rapidly changing environment. (2) The author presents th
8、e factors which make “strategic management“ effective. (3) A dominant factor is the organization climate which, in turn, is determined by the quality of the managers and the availability of alternatives. (4) To improve the organization climate in which strategic management can be effective, the qual
9、ity of the managers is a crucial factor.,(5) The scope for alternatives also proves an important constraint. (6) The author suggests that the assessment of effects for management should include the use of consultants and the role of formal procedure. (7) It is concluded that the correct judgment and
10、 optimal operation of the essential factors will enhance the effectiveness of strategic management in general.,3. Likely Mistakes/Common Errors,1) Mixed Writing Style formal style and the colloquial style are sometimes mixed up in writing abstracts. Ex.4-2 Abstract,In this paper, we have given a rea
11、son that is why the competitive ability of the national firms is weak. Because the non-national firms can get very cheap labor, under the same technical and, economical conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a ; national firm does, so it can get much more prof
12、it. In this way the competitive ability of the non-national firm is stronger than the national firms.,Ex. 4-3 . Abstract This paper will explore the analytical components and anomalies of admiralty jurisdiction as it relates to marine insurance and will conjugate, if you will. the “irregular verb“ t
13、hat constitutes admiralty jurisdiction2 of marine insurance contracts. I think, admiralty jurisdiction should include all maritime contracts. My study has confirmed the saying that.,2) Over-simplified Statements Ex.4-4 Abstract In this paper, reconstruction of many holograms are presented by compute
14、r with an analyzed mathematical model.,Ex.4-5 Abstract The author in this paper presents a process of fuel-saving innovation. The process is proved to be effective, and the authors are satisfied with the results. 3) Monotonous Expression variety in the form is desired: long sentences ,passive and ac
15、tive voices, changing of verbs and phrases,Ex.4-6 Abstract The influence of the cavity of the operation of hydrogen maser and. are discussed. Some design considerations of. are given. A practical construction. is shown. The method with high precision of. is presented. The measured stability data. ar
16、e also given.,Ex. 4-7 Abstract In this paper, we obtain the stone theorem in De Morgan algebra, and using this theorem, we give a necessary and sufficient condition that De Morgan becomes Kleene algebra. For proving the above result, we introduce a new quasiboolean ring. Furthermore, we prove the quasi-Boolean ring. Using this result, we get a necessary and sufficient condition that De Morgan algebra becomes Kleene algebra. And finally, we discuss some
