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1、 I 摘摘 要要 本文以马克思主义为指导思想，以长期深入的田野工作为基础，综合运用 了人类学、社会学和历史学等学科的相关研究方法，对我国人口最多的未识别 族体贵州穿青人的服饰、居住、饮食、婚姻、家庭、丧葬、传统节日、信 仰、民间文艺等诸文化事项进行了研究，力求让人们对该族群有一个较为系统、 明晰的印象。文章共分三个部分： 第一部分，导论。该部分指出了穿青人是我国未识别族体中人口最多的族 群，回顾了有关学者对穿青人的研究情况，分析了这些研究的角度、重点以及 研究的薄弱与不足之处，说明了笔者对穿青文化关注的由来及过程，简要阐述 了本文的研究方法及基本目的。 第二部分，文章的主体，包括七章。第一章，
2、穿青人的历史。笔者论述了 穿青人族称在历史上的变化情况，根据相关学者的研究及笔者掌握的文献资料， 推论出穿青人与魏晋时期的僚人有渊源关系，并论证了穿青先民从四川东南部 南下，进入贵州，再从贵州东北部和东部迁入黔中并最终定居于黔西北的历史。 第二章，穿青人的服饰、居住与饮食。笔者在田野调查的基础上，结合有关文 献资料，重点描述了穿青妇女独特的“三把头” 、 “三节袖两节衣”装束，探讨 了穿青人聚寨而居和杂村不杂寨的居住格局，介绍了穿青人的院落布局、房屋 种类、修建方法及建房习俗，描写了穿青人的“火” 、炊具、主食、副食及特色 食品。第三章，穿青人的婚姻家庭与人生仪礼。分析了穿青人早婚、以歌为媒、
3、 亲上加亲的择偶喜好，对穿青人婚姻的缔结过程进行了详尽的民族志深描，对 穿青人的家庭形态、继嗣制度、经济形式等进行了探究，对穿青人的“拜寄” 、 “指路碑” 、 “剃毛头” 、 “叫魂”等人生仪礼进行了描述和意义阐释。第四章， 穿青人的丧葬习俗。根据穿青人与古僚人的渊源关系及穿青人葬俗中的“抽棱 子” 、 “开路”等习俗，指出穿青人历史上曾实行悬棺葬和火葬，对现代穿青人 的丧葬办理过程进行了详尽的描述，探讨了穿青人独特的丧葬习俗。第五章， 穿青人的传统节日。以时间为顺序，对穿青人的春节、三月三、四月八、五月 五、七月半、八月十五、九月九、一直到十月初一“牛王节”等传统节日进行 了描述和分析。第
4、六章，穿青人的“五显坛箩”信仰。指出“五显坛箩”信仰 II 是穿青人所独有的信仰，根据有关文献探讨了“五显坛箩”信仰的由来和发展， 推论出该信仰实际是“二郎神”信仰、 “放五猖”习俗与“五显”信仰在特定历 史条件下的融合体，笔者结合有关文献典籍记载和穿青人的民间传说，分析了 该信仰由庙祭到家祭的变迁过程，同时对该信仰的庆赛过程进行了民族志的深 描。第七章，穿青人的民间文艺。介绍了穿青人的民间故事、山歌、谚语、歇 后语等民间文化，对穿青人的刺绣、沙锅、草类编织、竹类编织等民间艺术进 行了描述。 第三部分，结语。笔者结合费孝通等前辈学人对穿青人的研究，从族称、 来源、文化特点这三个方面对穿青人的族
5、群特征进行了探讨，尝试指出费孝通 等前辈学人对穿青人族群特征研究的局限性以及穿青人族群特征的特殊性。同 时， 笔者还指出了关于穿青人族群特征研究方面的 “四个困惑” ， 认为明晰这 “四 个困惑”是解决穿青文化究竟是汉文化的“孤岛”抑或是族群融合的结果的关 键，并据此提出了笔者的殷切希望。 关键词：关键词：穿青人；穿青文化；族群特征； “五显坛箩” ； “汉说” III Abstract This thesis, which takes the Marxism as the guiding principle, takes the long-term thorough fieldwork as
6、 the foundation, and comprehensively uses the related research techniques of anthropology, sociology and history and so on, does the research to the most race body that has not distinguished in ChinaGuizhou Chuanqing peoples cultural items, such as clothing, the housing, the diet, the marriage, the
7、family, the funeral, the traditional festival, the belief, the folk literary arts and so on, makes every effort to let the people have a systematically and defined impression to this ethnic group. The thesis is divided into three parts: The first part is an introduction. This part points out the Chu
8、anqing people is the most race body that has not distinguished in China, reviews some scholars researches on Chuanqing people, analyzes these researches angle, key as well as the weak and the deficiency, explains the origin and the process why the author puts attention to Chuanqing peoples culture,
9、and elaborates this thesis research technique and the basic goal briefly. The second part is the thesis main body, including seven chapters. The first chapter mainly discusses Chuanqing peoples history. The author elaborates Chuanqing peoples race name changing in history, according to related schol
10、ars researches and literature materials the author has grasped, deduces that Chuanqing people has some origin relations to Liao people in the Wei and jin periods, and proves the history that Chuanqing peoples ancients went south to Guizhou from southeast of Sichuan, then moved from northeast and eas
11、t to the middle of Guizhou and settled down northwest finally. The second chapter is about Chuanqing peoples clothing, housing and the diet. On the basis of field investigation and the related literature materials, the author empahsizes Chuanqing people womans unique “ three hairs” and “three sleeve
12、 two clothes” attire, discusses Chuanqing peoples housing pattern that lives together by border and mixed village but not mixed border, introduces Chuanqing peoples courtyard layout, the house type, the construction method and IV constructs housing the custom, and describes Chuanqing peoples “the fi
13、re”, the cooking utensils, the staple food, the no staple food and characteristic food. The third chapter describes Chuanqing peoples marriage, family and life etiquette. The chapter analyzes Chuanqing peoples early marriage, taking the song as the intermediary and doubly related, deeply describes C
14、huanqing peoples marriage concludes process by the ethnography traces, discusses and studies Chuanqing peoples family shape, Jisi system, the economic form and so on, and describes and significantly elaborates Chuanqing peoples life etiquette, such us “recognizes a adoptive father”, “tablet that ref
15、ers the direction”, “the babys first shave ”, “to call the soul” and so on. The fourth chapters main content is about Chuanqing peoples funeral custom. According to Chuanqing people and the ancient Liao peoples origin relations and “Extracts the bamboo strip” and “leaving”, which belong to Chuanqing
16、 peoples funeral custom, points out that Chuanqing people once hanged the coffin to bury and cremate in history, describes Chuanqing peoples funeral process in modern, and discusses Chuanqing peoples unique funeral custom. The fifth chapter is about Chuanqing peoples traditional festival. Taking the time as the order, this chapter describes and analyzes Chuanqing peoples traditional festival, from Spring Festival, March three and April eight, May five, the half o
