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1、语法部分第一讲 虚拟语气I. 考点分析：虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考察历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主句、从句所使用的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。动词形式类型虚拟时间从句动词主句动词if条件句现在过去式would/should/might/could+动词原形过去had+过去分词wo
2、uld/should/might/could+have +过去分词将来should/were to/过去式would/should/might/could+动词原形wish引导的宾从现在过去式过去had+过去分词/could have done将来would/could/might+动词原形as if/though方式状语从句同wish 其它动词引导的宾从(should)+动词原形主语从句(should)+动词原形表语从句(should)+动词原形同位语从句(should)+动词原形if only 同if条件句lest, for fear that, in case should+动词原形wo
3、uld rather/sooner that现在/将来过去式过去had+过去分词It is high/about time that 过去式2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。 例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad
4、. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldnt be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last ni
5、ght.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been
6、 ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。例如：Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。 B
7、ut for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。7.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”或“But that+从句”表示假设条件。例如：Were it not for their assistance, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. Had it not been for the reservoir, wed never have been able to be
8、at the drought. But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it. 8.providing, providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以用陈述语气。9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, direct（命令）insist, order, prefer, pro
9、pose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提议，动议)等；例如：The United Nations urged that he (should) withdraw his troops. （联合国敦促他撤军。）10常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposals, request, r
10、equirement等；例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句) 邀请他的建议被否决了。Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. (用于表语从句)他们的要求是工资增加20%。11用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如：It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.你有必要参加讨论。It was ordered t
11、hat the medicines be sent here by plane. 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable（合理的）, anxious(急切的), appropriate（合适的）, compulsory（强制的）, crucial(紧要关头的)，desirable（理想的）, eager, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的), important（重要的）, impossible（不可能的）, improper（不合适的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必须履行的)， preferabl
12、e（更好的）, proper（合适的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent（紧迫的）, vital（至关重要的）, demanded（要求的）, required（要求的）, suggested（建议的）, desired（希望的）等。第二讲 非谓语动词I考点分析非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是四级考试的的难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：He seemed to have waited there for a long time. (不定式的完成时态)He seemed to be waitin
13、g for someone. (不定式的正在进行时)He seemed to have not known the place very well. (不定式的完成时态的否定形式)He seemed to have been told about it. (不定式的被动语态)一、非谓语动词不同形式的基本用法。1. 现在分词可以用作状语、定语和表语。例如：The film is exciting. (表语)The exciting film attracted the children very much. (定语)Having finished the homework, children w
14、ent to the playground to play basketball. (状语)The problem being discussed is what they are concerned with. (定语)2. 过去分词的用法与现在分词大体相当，可以用作状语、定语和表语。只是表示的意义有所不同。例如：Children are excited at the film. (表语)The excited children sang and danced to the midnight. (逻辑定语)Excited at the news, children went to the p
15、layground to play basketball. (状语)This was the problem discussed at the meeting yesterday. (定语后置)3. 不定式有两种形式：带to的不定式和不带to的不定式, 不定式有进行体、完成体和被动语态。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等。It is of importance to have good friends. (逻辑主语)To see is to believe. (主语)I expect him to come back soon. (宾语补语)I dont know how to get there. (宾语)We need someone to help us. (定语)To get there earlier, we started at 6 oclock. (状语)The room seemed to have been cleaned. (表语)4. 动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语。I dont liking
