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1、一、 早期和中世纪的英国文学u Geoffrey Chaucer ii1. 简介：Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of English poetry and a forerunner of humanism. He was regarded as the founder of English realism. 代表作：Troilus and Criseyde特洛伊斯洛与克瑞西达(改变于意大利)；The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（包括：“The Prologue”总序；“The Wife of Bath”巴斯妇人）。l The Canterb
2、ury Tales坎特伯雷故事集的影响：It shows a true-to-life picture of Chaucers time. (之所以说乔叟是The founder of realism，是因为早期英国文学歌颂英雄(Anglo-Saxon poetry)，中期英国文学歌颂骑士精神(The Romance)，之后虽然有了piers the plowman,也不曾直接写社会不公，直到乔叟真实描写中世纪及各层人民。) Taking from the stand of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposes the dogm
3、a of asceticism preached by the Church. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church.2. 语言特色/贡献：He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especiall
4、y the Heroic couplet to English poetry. He is good at the terza rima, which makes his language a high style.二、 英国文艺复兴u Thomas More ii1. 简介：Thomas More is an English humanism churchman. 代表作：Utopia乌托邦。2. 评价：More dared to fight against the feudalism ruler and he was a humanist. But, he was no revolutio
5、nary in the sense of wishing to arouse the people or to start any revolutionary movement. The system of bondsmen suggested to solve the problem of social productivity still remains the features of class exploitation. He could never find the means by which socialism could be realized.u Francis Bacon1
6、. 简介：He is the founder of English materialist philosophy, the first English essayist and the founder of English Modern Science. He is the one who introduced essay, the literary form, to England. 代表作：Advancement of Learning学问的演进；New Instrument新工具；The Essays随笔（58篇）“Of Studies”论学习；“Of Beauty”论美；“Of Wis
7、dom for a Mans Self”论自私。l “Of Studies”论学习：Its message is conveyed with sweeping effect and overwhelming power, which lie in the unity of the message and the consistence of forceful argumentations. 内容：The text focuses on one controlling idea“studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”l
8、 “Of Beauty”论美：Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bacon makes full use of so meager a vocabulary to explicate his great theme: the criterion of beauty. He makes a conclusion that only the beauty of virtue can “shine” eternally, beyond time and space.2. 主题/技法：Bacons essay writing is classified into C
9、lassic Essay. The classic essay is as comprehensive in subject matters and styles as in all classic literature. In subjects, the classic essay deals with a variety of themes: philosophy, literary criticism, arts, politics, history, social problems, travels and other aspects of life. In style, Bacon
10、is weight and highly sententious. Many of his sentences have become wise old sayings.u Edmund Spenser1. 简介：Edmund Spenser was recognized as the “Poets poet”. 代表作：The Shepherds Calendar牧羊人日历；Epithalamion结婚曲；Amoritti爱情小唱；The Faerie Queene仙后。l The Spenserian Stanza: It refers to a nine-line-stanza with
11、 the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter which is called an alexandrine.l The Faerie Queene仙后：A long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only six. It is set in the mythical world of King A
12、rthur and his knights. theme: Nationalism, Humanism and Puritanism.2. 地位：The publication of The Shepherds Calendar marked the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England(Ireland). The language had changed into Modern English distinguished from the Middle English of Chaucers d
13、ay. Spenser is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions. He invented the Spenserian stanza, which became a popular verse form in the historical development of English poetry.u Christopher Marlowe ii1. 简介：Christopher Marlowe was the most preeminent figure among
14、 the “university wits”, as well as the greatest playwright before the rise of Shakespeare. 代表作：Tamburlaine帖木儿大帝(对权力的贪婪)；The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人(对金钱的贪欲)；Doctor Faustus浮士德博士。l Doctor Faustus浮士德博士：The play deals with themes including sin, redemption, and damnation. The chief feature of Faustuss charact
15、er is an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The tragedy of Doctor Faustus is characteristic of a humanist in the age of Renaissance.2. 社会意义：Marlowes plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. The heroes of his plays are typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of capital. The them
16、e of Marlowes plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law. However, the heroes in Marlowes plays are merely individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.3. 文学成就：Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the
