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1、,Conceptual Blending BY : 李宜霖 刘宁 张懂 罗健京 尹桂英 李倩,Outlines: Part 1:Introduction of Conceptual Blenging Part 2:Vital Relations and Compression Part 3:A Taxonomy of Integration Networks, Multiple Blending and Constraining Blending Theory Part 4:Comparing Blending Theory with Conceptual Metaphor Part 5:Ap
2、plications of Conceptual Blending Part 6:Drawbacks and Conclusion,1.1 The origins of Blending Theory,1.3 Three component processes concerning emergent structure,1.2 The elements of conceptual blending,1.4 Constitutive processes of Blending Theory,1.1 The origins of Blending Theory,Conceptual Blendin
3、g Theory was brought to prominence by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. It derives from two traditions within cognitive semantics: Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Mental Spaces Theory. In their studies, both observed that in many cases meaning construction appears to derive from structure that is ap
4、parently unavailable in linguistic or conceptual structure that functions as the input to the meaning construction process. Blending Theory thus emerged from their attempts to account for this observation.,心理空间理论（Mental Spaces Theory）,Fauconnier于1985年最早提出“心智空间”这一术语，并将其描写为“小概念包（Small Conceptual Packe
5、t）”, 是指人们进行交谈和思考时为了达到当下的理解与行动的目的而构建的，是通过框架和认知模型所形成的结构。（Fauconnier & Turner 1996:113） 心智空间是人们阅读、思考、写作时建构的概念包，是人的体验、知识、社会存在体中的产物。概念包是局部的理解和行为。每个心智空间拥有它的范畴成员，范畴成员在同一心智空间内是互相关联的，这些成员和关系组成了概念包。不同空间里的成员和关系之间也可以建立映射。,Fauconnier and Turners definition of conceptual blending,Conceptual blending is a basic me
6、ntal operation that leads to new meaning, global insight, and conceptual compressions useful for memory and manipulation of otherwise diffuse ranges of meaning.,Len believes that the girl with blue eyes has green eyes.,(Fauconnier & Turner 2002: 46),1.2 The elements of conceptual blending,输入空间（Input
7、 Space）：由独立认知域的信息所构成的空间。 类属空间（Generic Space）：抽象反映出输入空间共同的、常见的组织和结构。 合成空间（Blended Space）：对输入空间里的概念进行整合操作。合成空间从两个输入空间中提取部分结构,形成新创结构（Emergent Structure）。,The surgeon is a butcher.,How does the negative assessment of incompetence arise?,Analysis from Conceptual Metaphor Theory,(Evans & Green 2006: 402),
8、1.3 Three component processes concerning emergent structure,1、组合(composition) 将输入空间的内容投射到合成空间后进行组合。并形成在输入空间内不存在的新关系。 2、完善(completion)是指当来自输入空间的投射结构与长时记忆中的信息结构相匹配时,在合成空间中被激活的模式就会借助背景图式知识、认知和文化模式而不断完善。 3、扩展(elaboration)是指合成空间中的结构可以根据它自身的层创逻辑在合成空间中进行认知运作,运用人们的想象力可以根据层创结构对细节进行无限的扩展。,1.4 Constitutive Pro
9、cesses of Blending Theory,(Evans & Green 2006: 404),2.Vital Relations and Compression 2.1 Compression 2.2 A taxonomy of vital relations and their compressions,2.1 Compression,An important function of blending is the provision of global insight. According to Fauconnier &Turner, conceptual blending ac
10、hieves this by reducing complexity to human scalethe scope of human experience. Compression is a familiar conception to people, such as compressed files, compressed food and compressor. Compression is an important conception that people cant live without it, whereas what people know about compressio
11、n is only related to objects. The terms conceptual compression and relation compression are completely new to people.,Fauconnier &Turner(2002:311) indicate that “a relation can be compressed into the strict form of this relation.Also one or more relations can be compressed into another relation. At
12、the beginning of blending, a new relation is created.“ Their viewpoint tells us that compression in conceptual blending is a vital instrument for realizing integration. 可以把一种关系压缩成这种关系的严密形式，也可以把一种关系或者多种关系压缩进入另一种关系。在整合中，从一开始就创造了新关系。,Overarching goal of blending -achieve human scale Notable subgoals of
13、 blending -Compress what I s diffuse -Obtain global insight -Strengthen vital relations -Come up with a story -Go from many to one,压缩,Actually, the essence of conceptual blending is the relation blending, because information input spaces are connected with each other by relations. According to Fauco
14、nnier &Turner, input spaces are not connected at random but connected through vital relations. Thus they put forward a set of vital relations.,概念整合的本质是关系的整合，因为信息输入空间与空间之间的连通靠的是关系，而且关系是必不可少的，关系将空间与空间连通起来才形成了认知网络。空间与空间之间的连通关系主要表现为： 因果关系（cause-effect relation） 时间关系、空间关系（time, space relation） 身份连通关系（ide
15、ntity relation） 部分与整体关系（part-whole relation） 特征、范畴、意图关系,心智空间连通的本质是概念关系的连通，一定的概念关系被压缩进心智空间，而且被压缩进心智空间的关系都是极重要的不可缺少的关系（vital relation）. 小树一天一天长大。 总理和我都是公民。 只有读书人才懂。 让我们举起拳头！,范畴关系,部分与整体,身份关系,时空关系,2.2 A taxonomy of vital relations and their compressions,2.2.1 Change and Compress,Change: It is a general
16、vital relation which connects the elements to another and sets of elements to other sets. It also has something with time and cultural elements. 在整合中，关系变化（change）是最常见的不可缺少的，变化能将一个成员与另一个成员连接起来，将一个成员组同另一个成员组连接起来。,幼儿,青年,There is no change where there is no connection. Where there is no connection there is no conceptual blending.,没有变化就没有连通，没有连通也就没有单体与单体、集与集之间的概念集合。从这个意义上说，概念与概念整合受空间与空间之间变化这一关系的制约，所以，概念整合过程是心智活动的动态过程。,女人,妻子,妈妈,婆婆,男人,空间、时间概念变化是与外部空间身份（identi
