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1、主要内容1 Note-taking symbols and abbreviations2缩略词3字母、图像4箭头5数学符号6标点技巧一. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your n
2、ote taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse
3、entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax
4、 = maximumintro= introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.amt = amountcontd =
5、 continuedgovt = governmenteducatl = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words
6、 such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase,
7、or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin
8、, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus/ parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. E
9、xamples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Exam
10、ples:techgy technologygenion generalisationdely deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of
11、 the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse g to represent ing endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short wor
12、ds. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January A
13、dvertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples: at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Sym
14、bols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of resulting in and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than especially esp/二、 缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible.很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：F拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receiveF保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/OF保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL peopleF根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词 原词APT ApartmentACC
