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1、北 京 四 中【语法一点通】定语从句定语从句在句中做定语，由关系代词或关系副词引出。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。被修饰的名词、词组或代词叫做先行词。定语从句通常放在先行词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。引导定语从句的关系副词有：when, where, why等。（一）关系代词引导的定语从句：关系代词所代替的先行词是指人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1. 关系代词who,
2、whom, that引导的定语从句这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语。eg. Is he the man who/ that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2. 关系代词whose引导的定语从句whose用来指人或物，只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换。eg. They rushed over to help the man whose car ha
3、d broken down.那个人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose cover is green./ Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3. 关系代词which, that引导的定语从句关系代词which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。eg. A prosperity which/that had never been before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的
4、繁荣。（which/that在句中作主语）The package（which/that）you are carrying is blue.你拿的包是蓝色的。（which/that在句中作宾语）注意：口语中，作动词宾语或介词宾语（这时介词不可在关系代词前）的关系代词常可省略。eg. Have you found the book（that）you want?你找到你想要的书了吗？（that可以省略）This is the man（whom）we have talked about.这就是我们谈论的那个人。（whom可以省略）但要注意This is the man about whom we ta
5、lked.中的whom不可省略。（二）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词which”结构，因此常常和“介词which”结构交替使用。eg.Beijing is the place where/in which I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why/for which he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？（三）关系代词与关系副词的辨析方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动
6、词后面无宾语，就必须用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。eg. This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。判断改错：误This is the mountain village where I visited last year.这就是去年我参观过的山村。误I will never forget the days when I spent in the c
7、ountryside.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的那些日子。正This is the mountain village（which）I visited last year.正Ill never forget the days（which）I spent in the countryside.习惯上总是表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, which联系在一起，此两题就错在关系词的误用上。 关系代词代替village等在定语从句中作宾语，用that也可以。where一般用作状语，在这里visit和spentd是及物动词，所以这里不用where。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓
8、、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词或关系副词。例1：Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. whenC. on whichD. the one例2：Is this the museum_ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one答案：1. D2. A分析：例1变为肯定句为：This museum is_ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句为：This is the museum _ the exhibiti
9、on was held.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, when, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。而句2中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的定语，而要填的关系副词是从句的状语，表地点，既可用副词where，又因in the museum词组，也可用介词inwhich作为地点状语。而选项C中，介词on用得不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在于它在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whose, whom, that, which）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选
10、择关系副词（where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。（四）介词关系词的情况1. 介词后面的关系词不能省略。2. that, who前不能有介词。3. 某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词关系词”结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。eg. This is the house in which I lived two years ago.（This is the house where I lived two years ago.）这是我两年前住过的房子。Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?（Do
11、 you remember the day when you joined our club?）还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？（五）学习定语从句应注意的几个问题1. 关系代词只使用that，不使用which的情况： 先行词是指物的不定代词，如all, much, little, everything, nothing等时：Thats all that I have seen and heard. 那就是我的全部见闻。 指物的先行词被不定代词all, few, little, much, very, some, no等修饰，或被the only, the very, the same, th
12、e last等限定词修饰时：This is the very dictionary that is of great help. 那正是那本极有用的字典。 先行词既指人又指物时：My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and persons that they could remember.我父亲和他的老师谈了很多他们记得的人和事。 关系代词在定语从句中充当表语时：Our school is not the one that is used to be. 我们学校不再是从前的那所学校。 指物的先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修
13、饰：This is the best English film that I have ever seen. 这是我曾看到过的最好的英语电影。 主句是who或which引导的特殊疑问句，而中心语是指人或物时：Who is the girl that is standing under the tree? 树下站的女孩是谁？Which is the machine that we used last Sunday? 我们上个礼拜天用的那台机器呢？2. 关系代词不宜用that的情况： 关系代词前有介词时：This is the room in which Lu Xun lived. 这是鲁迅住过的
14、房间。 非限制性定语从句中：He has a daughter, who works in a hospital. 他有一个女儿，她在医院工作。 先行词本身就是that：The cook is that which tells the time. 钟表是告知时间的。3. 定语从句中主谓一致问题：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持一致。Tom is one of the boys who are from theUSA.汤姆是来自美国的众多男孩中的一个。Tom is the only boy that is from theUSA.汤姆是唯一一个从美国来的男孩。4. 定语从句中动词时态问题：定语从句可根据表达需要选用相应时态。Where is the student whom I met just now? 我刚才遇到的那位学生在哪里？Where is the student whom I will visit soon? 我将要拜访的学生在哪里？Where is the student who is on duty today? 今天值日的学生在哪里？语法练习：一、选择题1. The place _ interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. whichB. whereC. whatD. in w
