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1、北 京 四 中【语法一点通】定语从句定语从句在句中做定语,由关系代词或关系副词引出。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。被修饰的名词、词组或代词叫做先行词。定语从句通常放在先行词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。引导定语从句的关系副词有:when, where, why等。(一)关系代词引导的定语从句:关系代词所代替的先行词是指人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1. 关系代词who,
2、whom, that引导的定语从句这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词,关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语。eg. Is he the man who/ that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2. 关系代词whose引导的定语从句whose用来指人或物,只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换。eg. They rushed over to help the man whose car ha
3、d broken down.那个人的车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose cover is green./ Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3. 关系代词which, that引导的定语从句关系代词which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。eg. A prosperity which/that had never been before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的
4、繁荣。(which/that在句中作主语)The package(which/that)you are carrying is blue.你拿的包是蓝色的。(which/that在句中作宾语)注意:口语中,作动词宾语或介词宾语(这时介词不可在关系代词前)的关系代词常可省略。eg. Have you found the book(that)you want?你找到你想要的书了吗?(that可以省略)This is the man(whom)we have talked about.这就是我们谈论的那个人。(whom可以省略)但要注意This is the man about whom we ta
5、lked.中的whom不可省略。(二)关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词which”结构,因此常常和“介词which”结构交替使用。eg.Beijing is the place where/in which I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why/for which he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?(三)关系代词与关系副词的辨析方法一:用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动
6、词后面无宾语,就必须用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。eg. This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。判断改错:误This is the mountain village where I visited last year.这就是去年我参观过的山村。误I will never forget the days when I spent in the c
7、ountryside.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的那些日子。正This is the mountain village(which)I visited last year.正Ill never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.习惯上总是表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, which联系在一起,此两题就错在关系词的误用上。 关系代词代替village等在定语从句中作宾语,用that也可以。where一般用作状语,在这里visit和spentd是及物动词,所以这里不用where。方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓
8、、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词或关系副词。例1:Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. whenC. on whichD. the one例2:Is this the museum_ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one答案:1. D2. A分析:例1变为肯定句为:This museum is_ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句为:This is the museum _ the exhibiti
9、on was held.在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, when, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的定语,而要填的关系副词是从句的状语,表地点,既可用副词where,又因in the museum词组,也可用介词inwhich作为地点状语。而选项C中,介词on用得不对,所以选A。关系词的选择依据在于它在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whose, whom, that, which);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选
10、择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。(四)介词关系词的情况1. 介词后面的关系词不能省略。2. that, who前不能有介词。3. 某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词关系词”结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。eg. This is the house in which I lived two years ago.(This is the house where I lived two years ago.)这是我两年前住过的房子。Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?(Do
11、 you remember the day when you joined our club?)还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?(五)学习定语从句应注意的几个问题1. 关系代词只使用that,不使用which的情况: 先行词是指物的不定代词,如all, much, little, everything, nothing等时:Thats all that I have seen and heard. 那就是我的全部见闻。 指物的先行词被不定代词all, few, little, much, very, some, no等修饰,或被the only, the very, the same, th
12、e last等限定词修饰时:This is the very dictionary that is of great help. 那正是那本极有用的字典。 先行词既指人又指物时:My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and persons that they could remember.我父亲和他的老师谈了很多他们记得的人和事。 关系代词在定语从句中充当表语时:Our school is not the one that is used to be. 我们学校不再是从前的那所学校。 指物的先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修
13、饰:This is the best English film that I have ever seen. 这是我曾看到过的最好的英语电影。 主句是who或which引导的特殊疑问句,而中心语是指人或物时:Who is the girl that is standing under the tree? 树下站的女孩是谁?Which is the machine that we used last Sunday? 我们上个礼拜天用的那台机器呢?2. 关系代词不宜用that的情况: 关系代词前有介词时:This is the room in which Lu Xun lived. 这是鲁迅住过的
14、房间。 非限制性定语从句中:He has a daughter, who works in a hospital. 他有一个女儿,她在医院工作。 先行词本身就是that:The cook is that which tells the time. 钟表是告知时间的。3. 定语从句中主谓一致问题:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语必须与先行词保持一致。Tom is one of the boys who are from theUSA.汤姆是来自美国的众多男孩中的一个。Tom is the only boy that is from theUSA.汤姆是唯一一个从美国来的男孩。4. 定语从句中动词时态问题:定语从句可根据表达需要选用相应时态。Where is the student whom I met just now? 我刚才遇到的那位学生在哪里?Where is the student whom I will visit soon? 我将要拜访的学生在哪里?Where is the student who is on duty today? 今天值日的学生在哪里?语法练习:一、选择题1. The place _ interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. whichB. whereC. whatD. in w