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1、 ElementsofGerman ElementsofGerman Phonology and Morphology Elmer H. Antonsen The UniversityofAlabama Press Tuscaloosa The University ofAlabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 Copyrightcr)2007 ElmerH.Antonsen All rights reserved Manufactured in the United StatesofAmerica 00 The paper on which t
2、his bookisprinted meets the miniInum requirementsof Atnerican National Standard for InformationScience-PermanenceofPaper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Antonsen, ElmerH. ElementsofGerman: phonology and morphology / ElmerH.Antonsen. p
3、.cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8173-1583-2 (alk. paper) ISBN-IO: 0-8173-1583-7 (alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8173-5450-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8173-5450-6 (pbk. :alk. paper) 1.Germanlanguage-Phonology.2.Germanlanguage-Morphology. 3.Germanlanguage-Textbooks for foreig
4、nspeakers-English.I.title PF3131.A58 2007 4315-dc22 2006051779 CONTENTS Introduction1 Chapter 1Phonetics7 1.1Speech organs7 Figure1:The speech organs8 1.2Speech sounds13 1.2.1Obstruents16 1.2.2Resonants27 Table1:Selected IPA consonant symbols35 1.2.3Vowels36 Table2:Selected IPA vowel symbols48 1.3Ph
5、onetic reading 151 1.4Phonetic reading2-English52 1.5Phonetic transcription-English53 1.6Phonetic reading3-Germanand Low German55 1.7Tips on German spelling and pronunciation56 1.8Phonetic transcription-German61 1.9Phonetic reading4-German62 1.10Phonetic reading5-German63 Chapter 2Phonemics65 2.1Pho
6、nemic contrast (consonants)65 Table3:Consonant phonemesofGerman69 2.2Phonemic contrast (stressed vowels)71 Table4:Vowel phonemesofGerman72 2.3Segmental phonemes and allophonesofGerman73 2.4Phonemic transcription74 2.5Suprasegmental phonemes75 2.6Phonemes and German orthography81 2.7Phonemic readingI
7、-German84 2.8Phonemic reading2-German85 2.9Phonemic reading3-German86 Chapter 3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 Morphology91 Preliminary remarks on syntax91 Figure2:Tree diagramofa German sentence95 Morphological analysis98 Bound roots105 Noun morphology106 Noun inflection113 Table
8、5:Noun paradigms114 Adjectival morphology117 Table6:Definite article and strong adjective inflection 119 Table 7: Weak adjective/adverb derivation119 Pronominal morphology120 Table8:Personal pronouns120 Table9:Demonstrative and relative pronouns121 Table10:Interrogative pronouns121 Verb morphology12
9、2 Table 11: Primary inflectional endings124 Table 12: Secondary inflectional endings124 Table 13: Verb derivational and inflectional paradigms 127 Classificationofstrong verbs128 Anomalous verbs133 Morphological classes in German133 Morphological analysisofa text136 Suggested further readings Append
10、ix I: Answers to exercises Phonetic transcription 1.5 Phonetic transcription1.8 Phonemic contrasts 2.1, 2.2 Phonemic transcription 2.4 Morphological analysisofa text Appendix II: Clear texts ofreading exercises Phonetic reading 1.4 Phonetic, phonemic readings 1.6, 2.7 Phonetic, phonemic readings 1.9
11、, 2.8 Phonetic, phonemic readings1.10, 2.9 137 139 139 139 140 140 142 147 147 148 149 150 ElementsofGerman Introduction The objectivesofthis introduction to the phonology and mor- phologyofGerman are two-fold: (1) to improve the students know- ledge and commandofGerman, Le., their ability to speak
12、and write grammatically correct German, and by doing so, (2) to introducestu dents to the methods and toolsoflinguistic analysis in the areasof phonology and morphology, with which every advanced language student shouldbeacquainted. This treatment is not intended to be an exhaustive reference work,
13、nor a review grammar, but merely an aid in striving for these specific goals. We are all familiar with the speechofimmigrants in America who have not yet acquired a complete commandofEnglish and whose speech can therefore exude a certain charm,orevoke mild amusement,or perhaps cause embarrassing mis
14、understandings. Sometimes the problem lies in a faulty pronunciation, as when the Cuban professor explained that Spanish bowels are different from English bowels Le., vowels,or-when the German woman wanted to buy a cart-table=card-table. Sometimes improper word- formation can be the culprit, as when
15、 a woman complained that a dress had the wrong long-itude, which her companion quickly cor- rected, You mean length-itude, whereupon the first lady touchily countered with You always know better! Sometimes the violation ofrulesofagreement can cause. the problem, as when a Chinese speaker explained,
16、Myuncle-shewas my fathersbrother-. For English speakers, incorrect word order can create real problems, as in the old saw about the Pennsylvania Dutch farmer who threw the horse over the fence some hay. At other times, the problem may be oneofeither pronunciation or morphology, and the English speaker must determine which it is, as when a Dutch speaker asked a salesclerk in a greeting-card shop, in otherwise perfect English,Do you sell bookses? The tactful sa
