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1、Unit 4动词的ing形式作表语，定语，宾补和状语一、动词-ing形式作表语1. 表示主语的内容 ,可以转换到句首作主语Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. = keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her jobHis hobby is painting. = Painting is his job.2. 表示主语具有的特征、性质和状态(动词ing 相当一个形容词），作表语用的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有：ast
2、onishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising, puzzling, exciting等（这类分词表示“令人.的”含义）。如：The problem is quite puzzling. The news sounds encouraging.二、 动词-ing形式作定语1.单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。a reading room = a ro
3、om which is used for reading running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for working 工作方法reading material 阅读材料No one is allowed to speak loud in the reading room.There is a swimming pool in our school. 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。（注意动名词作定语说明被
4、修饰词作用意义；现在分词做定语说明被修饰词正在做什么）developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题sleeping child 熟睡的孩子 walking stick 手杖living room 起居室running water 自来水2.作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在
5、被修饰词的后面,做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。They lived in a house facing south.(=which is facing south)他们住在一所朝南的房子里。Do you know the boy playing basket?（=Who is playing basket)你认识在打篮球的那个小男孩吗？The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle正在访问日本的那个男人是我的叔叔。In the following years he worked even hard.在接
6、下来的几年中，他工作更努力了。The man talking to(=the man who is talking to) the teacher is our monitors father.正在与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。三、动词-ing形式作宾补1、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。 When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house.2、当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。 They
7、found the film very exciting. = The film is found very exciting.3、能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1) 表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词，（常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, catch, listen to等）+ sb + doing sth（作宾补）I felt somebody standing behind me.I caught a stranger sliding into the managers office.2) 表示指使意
8、义的动词使役动词，（常见的有have, set, keep, get, leave等）+sb/ sth + doing sth (作宾补）We kept the fire burning all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着。I wont have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。This sets me thinking.You shouldnt keep your lights burning in the day.4、see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式(省to)作宾语补足语的
9、区别： We heard the telephone ring. We heard the telephone ringing.前者表示动作正在进行，后者表示（或强调）动作的全过程。四、动词-ing形式作状语动词-ing形式可以作状语，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等,相当于相对应的状语从句。 动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。（有时可在动词-ing前加一个表时间的连词，如when, while等）Having made full preparations, we are
10、 ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。(= After we have made full preparations.)Hearing the news, they jumped with great joy.Having finished his homework, Henry went home. (= After having finished his homework/After he had finished his homework, Herny went home.)2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill
11、, he didn't go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(= Since he was ill.)Being poor, he couldnt afford a TV set.( =As he was poor, he couldnt afford a TV set.)Not knowing his phone number, we couldnt get in touch with him. (= Because we didnt know his phone number,we couldnt get in touch with him.)3
12、 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 His father died, leaving him a lot of money. = and left him a lot of money.他父亲死了，留给他许多钱.European football is played in 80 countries, making is the most popular sport in the world.(= European football is played in 80 countries; as a result, it becomes the most popular sport in the wo
13、rld.)4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lessons.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。Using your head, youll find a good way. (= If you use your head, youll find a good way.)Driving too fast, youll damage the car. (=If you drive too fast, youll damage the car)5 表示让
14、步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 Although toiling all the year round (=Although he was toiling all theyear round), the poor peasant couldn't afford to send his children to school.这位贫苦的农民，尽管终年劳累，还是无力送孩子上学。Weighing almost one hundred jin (=Though it weighed almost one hundred jin), the box was lifted by
15、 him with one hand.6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= .and stared at the sky for a long time 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。The six blind men stood all day long by the roadside, begging for money(=they were begging for money). 这六个盲人整天站在路边乞讨。He went out, slamming the door (=he slammed the door).他走出去，砰地一声把门带上。即时强化练习一、用方框中所给动词的适当形式填空，并指出在该句中所充当的句子成分（一词限用一次）astonish, play, bark, direct, climb1.Did you hear the dog downstairs _for most of the night?2.Jim has really learnt very fast. He had made _progress.3.
