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1、from: The ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors, 1st edition(1986), 2nd edition(1997),英语科技论文 语法和修辞（表达）概要,一点说明 不同来源的资料，说法不完全相同 气象科技英文编辑曾晓梅：“信中谈到的问题我也注意到了。不同的书、不同出版单位有自己的说法和做法，不同国家的英文，差异也很大。,我在中国科技期刊研究上文章根据的是几本美国大学英语课常用教学参考书（已列作该文的参考文献），我习惯遵守这几本书的规定。实际上，一些权威的书和期刊上前后都不一致。现在，我在改稿时的做法是，在两者均有根
2、据（或范例）时，一般来说不改，除非文中内容是指个体还是整体非常明显。*” * 指主谓一致。,第1部分 几个语法问题 科技英语写作语法错误举例 第2部分 修辞与表达 英语写作表达的几个问题,平山健三 英语化学论文写作方法 市原 英语论文的写作方法 孙娴柔 实用英语科技论文写作 周春晖 科技英语写作 冯志杰 汉英科技翻译指要 任胜利 英语科技论文撰写与投稿 英文现刊以及英文学术专著,第1部分 几个语法问题,科技英语写作语法错误举例 1 Subject-Verb Agreements Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses Dangling Modifiers（
3、垂悬修饰语） 4 Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs,1 Subject-Verb Agreements （1）在主语中含并列连词“and”时，应正确区分是单个主语还是并列主语。若属前者，谓语动词为单数形式，若属后者，谓语动词则为复数形式。 例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environments are described. 说明 The subject is “application”, which is sin
4、gular. Application of this technique to is described.,例2 Description of the experimental conditions and the results of the present investigation is made in detail in this paper. 此句中的主语为description, the experimental conditions and the results是并列的，与of 构成介词短语作定语，故谓语动词用“is made”。,例3 The experimental con
5、dition and the result of the present investigation are described in detail in this paper. 此句中的主语为the experimental condition and the result, 为并列主语，故谓语用are described.,Sometimes, two singular subjects joined by “and” cause this error. 例4 Growth and isolation of M13 virus was described, Growth and isola
6、tion of M13 virus were described.,Exception: A subject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb. 例5 The name and address of each contributor is given on the title page. 例6 Research and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists. R&D department,(2) Howev
7、er, when two or more subjects are joined by “or”, the verb takes the number of the closest subject. 例7 Application or uses were noted. Uses or application was noted. 例8 The appropriate metal ion concentration or the rate constants were used. The rate constants or appropriate metal ion concentration
8、was used.,当两个以上主语以 or, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also 等组句时，谓语动词应与其最近的名词在人称和数上保持一致。 例9 Either ethylene chlorohydrin or bromohydrin is treated with strong alkali to give ethylene oxide (与 bromohydrin 一致).,例10 Coagulation of an AgCl precipitate occurs at the equivalence point, where neither chl
9、oride nor silver ions are in excess.(与ions一致) 例11 Not only CS2 but also CuSO4 and AgCl were purified before the use (与CuSO4 and AgCl一致),在“there is”，“there are”句型中，主语为复合主语时，谓语动词与靠近的主语一致 例12 There was a professor and several students in the library. There were several students and a professor in the l
10、ibrary.,（3）Collective nouns take a singular verb when the group as a whole is meant; in that case they are often preceded by the word “the”. Collective nouns take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant; in that case, they are often preceded by the word “a”. contents majority range cou
11、ple number series dozen pair variety group,例13 The series is arranged in order of decreasing size. 说明 Refers to the series as a unit. 例14 A series of compounds were tested. 说明 Refers to each compound.,例15 The number of metal amides synthesized was the largest to date. (Refers to the number as a unit
12、.) A number of metal amides were synthesized. (Refers to each amide.) 例16 The series of compounds was prepared to test the hypothesis. (Refers to the series as a unit.) A series of compounds were tested. (Refers to each compound.),例17 A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins ( M
13、n500-700) has been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O., A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins ( Mn500-700) heve been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts
14、instead of NaOH/H2O.,an average of + 数词（意思为平均数量有之多）作主语，谓语动词用复数形式,An average of 100 kinds of reagents were in regular supply from the company each year.,the average of + 数词 意思为平均数（值） 作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。,The average of a series of values is obtained simply by adding all the individual values and dividing t
15、he sum by the number of values. （= The average of a series of values is obtained simply by adding all the individual values and dividing the sum by the measurement times.）,（4） “Data” can be a singular or plural noun. 例18 Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported result
16、s. 说明 Refers to the data as individual results. 例19 After the data are distributed, we can meet to discuss them., After the data is distributed, we can meet to discuss it. 说明 Refers to the whole collection of data as one unit.,（5）Units of measurement are treated as collective nouns and therefore take a singular verb. 例20 The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent wer
