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1、约翰 弥尔顿的英文诗约翰 弥尔顿（John Milton,16081674）英国诗人、政论家，民主斗士。弥尔顿是清教徒文学的代表，他的一生都在为资产阶级民主运动而奋斗，代表作失乐园是和荷马史诗、神曲并称为西方三大诗歌。Paradise Lost译为“失乐园”。作品介绍失乐园（Paradise Lost），全文12卷，以史诗一般的磅礴气势揭示了人的原罪与堕落。诗中叛逆天使撒旦，因为反抗上帝的权威被打入地狱，却仍不悔改，负隅反抗，为复仇寻至伊甸园。亚当与夏娃受被撒旦附身的蛇的引诱，偷吃了上帝明令禁吃的分辨善恶的树上的果子。最终，撒旦及其同伙遭谴全变成了蛇，亚当与夏娃被逐出了伊甸园。该诗体现了诗人追
2、求自由的崇高精神，是世界文学史、思想史上的一部极重要的作品。“失乐园”的由来是从 圣经创世纪中所诉的故事中得来的：亚当和夏娃偷食禁果以后，世界便为此颠倒。原来温暖如春的天空中盘旋着背离上帝的寒流，凉风一阵紧似一阵地吹过来，世间的一切都开始变得紊乱而不和谐。道分阴阳，动静相摩，高下相克。人失去了天真烂漫、无忧无虑的童年，注定要经历酸甜苦辣的洗礼，体验喜怒哀乐的无常。智慧是人类脱离自然界的标志，也是人类苦闷和不安的根源。上帝在园中行走，亚当和夏娃听见他的脚步声。此时他们的心与上帝有了罅隙，出于负罪感，他们开始在树林中躲避上帝。上帝对人的失落发出了痛切的呼唤：“亚当，你在那里？人哪，你在哪里？”这呼
3、唤中包涵着上帝对人犯罪堕落，失掉了赐给人原初的绝对完美的忧伤与失望，又包涵着对人认罪归来，恢复神性的期待。然而在上帝一步紧似一步的追问面前，亚当归咎于夏娃，夏娃委罪于蛇。这就是上帝对人类最初的失望与忧伤，这就是人类背离上帝的最初堕落与痛苦。亚当对上帝说：“我在园中听见您的声音，就害怕，因为我赤身露体，我便藏了起来。”“谁告诉你赤身露体的呢？莫非你吃了我吩咐你不可吃的那树上的果子么！”上帝知道他已背离了自己的意志，愤怒地质问。亚当辩解说：“您所赐给我与我同居的女人把那树上的果子给我，我就吃了。”上帝回顾夏娃，问她：“你都干了些什么呢？”夏娃说：“那蛇引诱我，我就吃了。”上帝知道人的僭越已无法挽回
4、，既然他能够分辨了善恶，就应承担与之相称的责任。上帝责罚罪魁祸首的蛇说：“你既作了这事，就必受咒诅，比一切的牲畜禽兽更甚，你必用肚子行走，终身吃土。我还要叫你和夏娃彼此为仇，你的后裔和她的后裔也彼此为仇。她的后裔要伤你的头，你要伤他的脚跟。”于是蛇就失去了翅膀和人身，变成了一根弯弯曲曲的长虫，令人生厌。它只能用肚子爬行，钻洞吃土。上帝接着责罚率先堕落的女人夏娃道：“我必多多加增你怀胎的苦楚，你生产儿女必多受痛苦。你必恋慕你丈夫，你丈夫必管辖你。”最后，上帝对亚当说：“你既听从了妻子的话，吃了我所吩咐你不可吃的那树上的果子。土地必因为你的缘故受咒诅，你必须终身劳苦，才能从地里获得粮食。土地必给你
5、长出荆棘和蒺黎来。你也要吃田间长出的蔬菜，你必汗流满面才能糊口，直至你归了土。因为你是从土里创造出来的，你本是尘土，仍要归于尘土。”人类因为发挥智慧而创造了文明；因为滥用了智慧而受到诅咒。沃土长上荆棘，绿色原野成为荒漠，晴朗的天空变得乌烟瘴气，清澈的河流秽物漂流。人性如果受到邪恶败坏，就会导致可怕的后果毁灭，人就可能失掉永生（生生不息繁衍）的权利，他将出于尘土而复归于尘土。这是一个古而常新的警钟。上帝说：“那人已经与我们相似，能知道善恶，恐怕他伸手又摘生命树的果子吃，就永远活着。”上帝因为亚当和夏娃是自己的造物，惩罚了他们，同时也很怜惜。他用兽皮作了衣服给他们穿，接着打发他们出伊甸园，赐土地给
6、他们耕种。上帝把亚当和夏娃逐出后，便在园子的东边安设基路伯（传说中带翅膀的动物）和四面转动发火焰的剑，来把守通往生命之树的道路。从此，上帝失落了人；人也失落了上帝。A Brief Introduction to John MiltonJohn Milton, a poet and political commenter of the English Bourgeois Revolution, is the most sublime and most lonely figure in English literature, whose importance is acknowledged all
7、 over the world. He is the last rearguard of the Renaissance and the primary promoter of Enlightenment. The love of every form of human culture and the steadfast devotion to duty as the highest object in human life have shaped his entire career.Of all his great works, Paradise Lost is the most compl
8、icated and most profound one, which wins him endless honor. It is indeed the only generally recognized epic in English literature since Beowulf and a heroic poem in Renaissance style. It deals with revolt from God, with sin and fall, and with the possible salvation. It presents the authors views in
9、an allegoric religious form, and readers will easily discern its basic ideaexposure of the ways of Satan and justification of the ways of God to men. It is the reflection of the reactionary forces of Miltons time and the passionate appeal for freedom.As the main character of Paradise Lost, Satan is
10、definitely impressive and powerful, whose ambivalence catches all critics eyes and leads to centuries disputes. Those commenters can be classified into three groups. The first group mainly consists of revolutionists. They traditionally read this epic with strong political inclination, putting Satan
11、at the place of protagonist and considering him a symbol of revolution, which must be influenced greatly by those western romantic poets such as William Blake and Percy B. Shelley (Fowler 45). They are generally called pro-Satanists.Short Comment on Satan in Paradise Lost since Apollos divine word “
12、to understand yourself”, the western literature has been always fulfilling such pursuit and being in continuous self-questioning. Like Puluomixius rejection to divinity, 亚哈s to nature, Satans fighting against God also ended up with failure. “Paradise Lost” is Mintons masterpiece. It is a long epic i
13、n 12 books, written in blank verse. The story were taken from the Old Testament: the creation of the earth and Adam and Eve, the fallen angels in hell plotting against God, Satans temptation of Eve, and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden .Satan and his followers are banished from heaven and dri
14、ven into hell, but even here in hell, mist flames and poisonous fumes, Satan and his adherents are not discouraged. The poem, as we are told at the outset, was “to justify the ways of God to man”, i.e. to advocate submission to the Almighty.The epic shows the writers misery after the Restoration, and his determination for revolution. The style of the epic is grand, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.
