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1、安徽大学 硕士学位论文 马克思恩格斯的生态观和社会主义生态文明建设 姓名：吴孔铎 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：马克思主义发展发展史 指导教师：方爱东 2010-05 I 摘摘 要要 生态环境问题是当代人类所面临的一个基本问题。为加强社会主义生态文 明建设，我们期望通过回到马克思恩格斯的文本，找到解决当今环境问题的有 效路径和方法。生态环境问题作为一个基本问题，虽然在马克思恩格斯生活的 时代才初步显现，但他们以其敏锐的洞察力，已经从人类命运的高度给予了极 大的关注。马克思恩格斯虽然不是生态学家，但他们确实又是研究人类环境问 题的先行者,并形成了自己的科学生态观，即人、社会和自然是一个有机整体的 绿
2、色思想，或者说“人社会自然”复合系统理论。马克思主义生态观从根 本上论述了人类环境问题的极端重要性，及其产生的社会原因和解决人类环境 问题的基本原则。因此，系统阐明马克思主义生态观对我们正确认识和处理当 代环境问题，对今天环境保护实践，对于社会主义生态文明的研究和建设，都 具有十分重要的现实意义。 文章首先分析了文明的演化过程。纵观人类文明的发展历程，基本上可以 区分为原始文明、农业文明和工业文明阶段。并进而分析了工业文明所带来的 弊端。工业文明在其发展过程中，也带来了前所未有的社会危机和生态危机。 其社会危机主要表现在，传统道德的失范及信念危机、巨大的贫富差距、核战 争的威胁、人口剧增和难民
3、潮、不公正的国际政治经济秩序等方面。其生态危 机主要表现在，环境污染严重、资源遭受破坏和生态严重失衡等方面。这些危 机一般并不是孤立地单一地表现出来，而是错综复杂地交织在一起展现在人类 面前。因此,要较好地解决工业文明所产生的危机，人类就必须找到一条崭新的 发展道路和发展模式，实现由工业文明向生态文明的转型。生态文明作为一种 新型的文明形态，是对工业文明进行反思的结果。 文章介绍了当今世界和中国生态问题的现状，引用最新的数据，认为当今世 界和中国的整体生态形势非常严峻，不容乐观。 文章分析了当今世界生态环境问题产生的原因。从思想认识根源、制度原 因和实践原因三个方面对其进行了深入分析。主客二分
4、导致的对象性的思维是 造成生态环境问题的思想认识根源。资本主义社会制度的不合理性是生态环境 II 问题产生的制度原因。传统的发展模式是生态环境问题产生的实践根源。 文章从六个方面重点研究归纳了马克思恩格斯的生态文明思想。马克思恩 格斯早在十八世纪中叶就对近代工业文明中出现的环境问题敲响了警钟，对近 代工业社会中资产阶级的物欲主义提出了批判。阐明了人存在的二重性，人在 自然界中具有自然和社会双重地位。人既是自然界的一部分，人同时又是有意 识、有目的、能动的自然存在物。指出人与自然之间的关系是主体与客体关系， 在人类与自然这个相互联系、相互作用的关系网络中，人始终处于主体的地位。 提出了实践的人化
5、自然观，我们今天所说的自然应该是人化的自然。指出应当 合理调节人与自然之间的“物质变换”。提出了“两大和解”的历史任务，即 人类同自然的和解以及人类本身的和解。文章认为这些思想对我们今天建设社 会主义生态文明仍然具有指导意义。 据此，本文提出了建设社会主义生态文明的具体路径。建设社会主义生态 文明，要确立生态文明的新理念，培养人们的生态文明意识。要坚持贯彻落实 科学发展观，着力提高经济增长的质量和效益，努力实现速度和结构、质量、 效益相统一，经济发展和人口、资源、环境相协调，不断保护和增强发展的可 持续性。要坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义道路。马克思恩格斯指出, 只有建 立科学合理的社会制度，才
6、能从根本上解决人与自然的矛盾，实现自然、社会 和人的和谐发展。要积极构建生态型生产和生活方式，发展循环经济。建设循 环型社会，是当前经济发展与环境保护有机结合，是转变经济增长方式，实现 可持续发展的重要途径。要正确处理好人口与资源、环境之间的关系。 关键词 关键词 马克思恩格斯；生态文明；建设；意义 III Abstract Ecology is an essential problem to the present humankind. To strengthen socialist ecological civilization construction, it is expected t
7、o find an effective way to solve environmental problems. Although ecological problem is an essential problem and it was emerged during Marx and Engels period, they had paid special attention to the problem considering humankinds fate by their acute insight. Marx and Engels were not ecologist, but th
8、ey were indeed forerunners who did research on human environmental problems and formed their own scientific ecological view, that is, man, society and the nature are an organized whole which is man-society-nature theory of system. Marxism ecological theory elaborates the extreme importance of human
9、environmental problems, their social causes and the principles to solve the problems. Therefore, it is significantly important to elaborate systematically Marxism ecological theory which is used to solve present environmental problems, to practice environmental protection and to research and constru
10、ct social ecological civilization. First of all, the thesis analyzes the civilization process, indicates the three phases of civilization development: original civilization, agricultural civilization and industrial civilization, and furthermore analyzes the disadvantages of industrial civilization.
11、During the industrial civilization period when people achieved brilliant success, humankind met social and ecological crises which were never seen before. In social crisis, there was an unfair international political and economic order, loss of traditional moral, credit crisis, a huge gap between th
12、e rich and the poor, a threat of nuclear war, a sharp increase of population and refuge flows. In ecological crisis, there was environmental protection, resource shortage and ecological unbalance. Whats more, all phenomena are not appearing individually but in groups. If we want to solve the problem
13、s, we should find a new way to realize the transformation from industrial civilization to ecological civilization. As a new type of civilization, ecological civilization is the reflection on industrial civilization. The thesis introduces the present situation of Chinas ecological problems by IV citi
14、ng the latest data. It is believed that the whole ecological situation is very serious both in China and in the world. The thesis analyzes the causes of ecological environmental problems in the present world and analyzes them in depth in terms of causes of cognitive root, systematical causes and pra
15、ctical causes. Thinking of objectivity which is affected by the separation of subjectivity and objectivity is the cause of cognitive root. The irrationality of capitalism social system is the systematical cause. And the traditional developmental pattern is the practical cause. The thesis researches
16、and concludes Marx and Engels ecological civilization theory from six aspects. Early in the middle of the 18th century, Marx and Engels had warned us about the environmental problem in modern industrial civilization and criticized the bourgeois materialism in it. Meanwhile, they expounded the duality of human existence, that is, human beings have dual roles in the nature and the society. Human beings are part of the nature as well as the conscious, purposeful and active nature objec
