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1、目录1.Note-taking symbols and abbreviations2.关于缩略词3.关于字母和图像4.用箭头、数字符号、标点符号来表示1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference: Abbreviations in Note taking Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations
2、into your note taking at a time. Symbols helpful in math - these are commonly used in texts and references. S = sum f = frequency Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cp = compare e.g. = example dept = department Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = lib
3、eral cap = capitalism Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation subj = subject ind = individual cons = conservative Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associate biol = biology info = information a
4、ch = achievement chem = chemistry max = maximum intro = introduction conc = concentration min = minimum rep = repetition Omit vowels; retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = estimate bkgd = background gvt = government Use an a
5、postrophe in place of letters. amt = amount contd = continued govt = government educatl = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts = chapters egs = examples fs = frequencies intros = introductions Use g to represent ing endings. ckg = checking estg = establishing
6、 decrg = decreasing exptg = experimenting Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key. Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand. Leave out unimportant words. Leave out the words a and the. If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full
7、during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. & = and w/ = with w/o = without vs = against = therefore = = is or equal U
8、se technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, for example ibid = Latin, the same work o = degrees H2O = water More reference: Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples: + plus / parallel Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples: eg example IT dept Infor
9、mation Technology department UK United Kingdom Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples: mar marketing cus customer cli client Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples: subj subject budg budgetind individual To distinguish among various forms of the
10、same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples: techgy technology genion generalisation dely delivery Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associated ach achievement info information Omit v
11、owels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples: bkgd background mvmt movement prblm problem Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. Examples: custs customersfs frequencies /s ratios Use g to represent ing
12、 endings. Examples: decrg decreasing ckg checking estblg establishing Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples: in but as key Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples: is was were Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples: a an the If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in fu
13、ll during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example: January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples: at2 to4 for& and w/ with w/o without vs against Create your own set of abbre
14、viations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects. Other Symbols and Abbreviations as a result of / consequences of resulting in - and / also + equal to / same as = following ff most importantly * less than especially esp/一、 缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：F拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: manager MSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receive F保留前几个字母
