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1、GLOSSARY OF OIL AND GAS TERMS.ChemicalAlkylation Refining process for converting light, gaseous olefins into high-octane gasoline components (reverse of cracking). Aromatics Class of hydrocarbons that have at least one benzene ring as part of their structure. Generally describes benzene and benzene
2、derivatives. Associated Gas Natural gas associated with oil accumulations, either dissolved in oil or found as a cap of free gas above oil in reservoir. Benzene An aromatic hydrocarbon present to a minor degree in most crude oils. (Products manufactured from benzene include styrene, phenol, nylon an
3、d synthetic detergents.) Butane (C4H10) Either of two saturated hydrocarbons, or alkanes, with chemical formula. In both compounds carbon atoms are joined in an open chain. Carbon Atomic number is 6; element is in group 14 (or IVa) of periodic table. Carbon content of a hydrocarbon determines, to a
4、degree, hydrocarbons burning characteristics and qualities. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Colourless, odourless, and slightly acid-tasting gas, sometimes-called carbonic acid gas, molecule of which consists of one atom of carbon joined to two atoms of oxygen. Carbon dioxide in atmosphere tends to prevent esc
5、ape of outgoing long-wave radiation from Earth to outer space; as more heat is produced and less escapes, temperature of Earth increases. Most important man-made greenhouse gas in UK accounting for 81% of direct global warming potential from national greenhouse emissions in 1990. Carbon Monoxide (CO
6、) Chemical compound of carbon and oxygen. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Synthetic chemical that is odourless, non-toxic, non-flammable, and chemically inert. Released into atmosphere, chlorine-containing chemicals rise and are broken down by sunlight, whereupon chlorine reacts with and destroys ozone mol
7、ecules. Coal During Carboniferous period much of world was covered with vegetation growing in swamps. This vegetation died and became submerged under water. As decomposition took place, vegetable matter lost oxygen and hydrogen atoms, leaving a peat deposit with a high percentage of carbon. As time
8、passed, layers of sand and mud settled from water over some of peat deposits. Pressure of these overlying layers, as well as movements of earths crust and sometimes volcanic heat, acted to compress and harden deposits, thus producing coal. Condensate Liquid mixture of pentane and higher hydrocarbons
9、. Drilling Mud / Fluid Mixture of base substance and additives used to lubricate drill bit and to counter act natural pressure in formation. Drilling mud provides circulation, flushing rock cuttings from bottom of well bore to surface. Drilling Mud Nomenclature Oil Based Mud (OBM), Pseudo Oil Based
10、Mud (POBM), Water Based Mud (WBM). Dry gas Or Lean gas is natural gas composed mainly of methane. Esters Compounds formed by combination of acids and alcohols. Ethanol Chemical formed by fermentation or synthesis. Ethene Or Ethylene simplest member of class of aliphatic organic compounds called alke
11、nes, which contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Ethylene is a colourless, slightly sweet-smelling gas of formula H2C=CH2. It is slightly soluble in water and is produced in commercial amounts by cracking and fractional distillation of petroleum and from natural gas. Gasoline Mixture of li
12、ghter liquid hydrocarbons used chiefly as a fuel for internal-combustion engines. Produced by fractional distillation of petroleum; by condensation or adsorption from natural gas; by thermal or catalytic decomposition of petroleum or its fractions; by hydrogenation of producer gas or coal; or by pol
13、ymerisation of hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight. Greenhouse Gases Gases that alter thermal properties of atmosphere (for example, water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs, halons and ozone). Halons Halogenated carbon compounds used in fire extinguishing equipment and contribu
14、ting to stratospheric ozone depletion. Being phased out under Montreal Protocol. Heavy oil Long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hexane Petroleum liquid found in small amounts in condensates. Hydrocarbons Family of organic compounds, composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen (for example, coal, c
15、rude oil and natural gas). Hydrogen (H) Reactive, colourless, odourless, and tasteless gaseous element with atomic number of 1. Element is usually classed in group 1 (or Ia) of periodic table. Lightest of all gases, hydrogen combines with carbon to form a variety of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons. Hydrogenation Reacting coal with hydrogen at high pressures, usually in presence of a catalyst. Light oil Shorter chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Gas, mainly methane, liquefied under pressure and low temperature. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) P
