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1、Revision Contents:Unit 1 Language and Learning 1. What are the major views of language? What are their implications to language teaching or learning?Structural View: It sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystem: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentence. Eac
2、h language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.Audiolingual approach: The teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching
3、 of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed. The principal features of audiolingualism are an emphasis on structures in the language which can be learned as regular patterns of verbal behavior and the belief that learning is a pr
4、ocess of habit formation. Functional View: It sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Most of our day-to- day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc. Therefore, learners learn a language in order to do things w
5、ith it. To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. Communicative approaches are based on this view of language. Interactional View: It considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is
6、 to build up and maintain social relations between people. Therefore, learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language, but also need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative context. Some of the language learning approaches and methods based on thi
7、s view of language are: Strategic interaction; communicative approaches.2. What are the major Views on language learning? What are their implications to language teaching?Behaviouralist theoryBased on the theory of conditioning, Skinner suggested language is also a form of behaviour. It can be learn
8、ed the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of language learning is referred to as behaviouralism, which was adopted for some time by the language teaching profession, particularly in America. One influential result is the audio-lingual method, which involves endless “
9、listen and repeat” drilling activities. The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised. This method is still used in many parts of the world today.Co
10、gnitive theoryIt seems to be largely the result of Noam Chomskys reaction to Skinners behavioural theory, which led to the revival of structural linguistics.The key point of Chomskys theory is reflected in his most famous question: if language is a learned behaviour, how can a child produce a senten
11、ce that has never been said by others before.One influential idea is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. This idea is clearly in opposition to the Audio-Lingual Method.According to the cognitive theory, learning is a process in
12、 which the learner actively tries to make sense of data. The basic technique associated with a cognitive theory of language learning is the problem-solving task.Constructivist theory: Learning is a complex cognitive process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his or her own experiences
13、and what he /she already knows.Implications for classroom teachingTeaching should be built based on what learners already know and engage learners in learning activities.It is believed that education is used to develop the mind, not just to rotate or recall what is learned.Teachers need to design ac
14、tivities to interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners.Teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learners interest and curiosity for learning.Socio-
15、constructivist theory: It emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of Zone of Proximal Development(ZPD) and scaffolding.Learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners. W
16、ith the teachers scaffolding through questions and explanations, or with a more capable peers support, the learner can move to a higher level of understanding and extend his / her skills and knowledge to the fullest potential.Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Activities1. The goal of CLT is to develop students communicative competence.2. What is communicative compentence? Try to list some of its components and th
