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1、经济学英文论文范文 经济学是研究人类经济活动的规律即价值的创造、转化、实现的规律经济发展规律的理论分为政治经济学与科学经济学两大类型下面是小编特地整理的经济学论文希望可以帮助到有需要的人！ Macroeconomicsisasubfieldofeconomicsthatexaminesthebehavioroftheeconomyasawhole,oncealloftheindividualeconomicdecisionsofpaniesandindustrieshavebeensummed.Economywidephenomenaconsideredbymacroeconomicsincl
2、udeGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)andhowitisaffectedbychangesinunemployment,nationaline,rateofgrowth,andpricelevels. Incontrast,microeconomicsisthestudyoftheeconomicbehaviouranddecisionmakingofindividualconsumers,firms,andindustries. Macroeconomicscanbeusedtoanalyzehowtoinfluencegovernmentpolicygoalssucha
3、seconomicgrowth,pricestability,fullemploymentandtheattainmentofasustainablebalanceofpayments. Macroeconomicsissometimesusedtorefertoageneralapproachtoeconomicreasoning,whichincludeslongtermstrategiesandrationalexpectationsinaggregatebehavior. Untilthe1930smosteconomicanalysisdidnotseparateoutindivid
4、ualeconomicsbehaviorfromaggregatebehavior.WiththeGreatDepressionofthe1930s,sufferedthroughoutthedevelopedworldatthetime,andthedevelopmentoftheconceptofnationalineandproductstatistics,thefieldofmacroeconomicsbegantoexpand.ParticularlyinfluentialweretheideasofJohnMaynardKeynes,whoformulatedtheoriestot
5、rytoexplaintheGreatDepression.Beforethattime,prehensivenationalaccounts,asweknowthemtoday,didnotexist. Oneofthechallengesofeconomicshasbeenastruggletoreconcilemacroeconomicandmicroeconomicmodels.Startinginthe1950s,macroeconomistsdevelopedmicrobasedmodelsofmacroeconomicbehavior(suchastheconsumptionfu
6、nction).DutcheconomistJanTinbergendevelopedthefirstprehensivenationalmacroeconomicmodel,whichhefirstbuiltfortheNetherlandsandlaterappliedtotheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomafterWorldWarII.Thefirstglobalmacroeconomicmodel,WhartonEconometricForecastingAssociatesLINKproject,wasinitiatedbyLawrenceKlein
7、andwasmentionedinhiscitationfortheNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicsin1980. TheoristssuchasRobertLucasJrsuggested(inthe1970s)thatatleastsometraditionalKeynesian(afterBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes)macroeconomicmodelswerequestionableastheywerenotderivedfromassumptionsaboutindividualbehavior,althoughitw
8、asnotclearwhetherthefailureswereinmicroeconomicassumptionsorinmacroeconomicmodels.However,NewKeynesianmacroeconomicshasgenerallypresentedmicroeconomicmodelstoshoreuptheirmacroeconomictheorizing,andsomeKeynesianshavecontestedtheideathatmicroeconomicfoundationsareessential,ifthemodelisanalyticallyusef
9、ul.Ananalogymightbethatthefactthatquantumphisicsisnotfullyconsistentwithrelativitytheorydoesntmeanthatrealtivityisfalse.Manyimportantmicroeconomicassumptionshaveneverbeenproved,andsomehaveprovedwrong. Thevariousschoolsofthoughtarenotalwaysindirectpetitionwithoneanothereventhoughtheysometimesreachdif
10、feringconclusions.Macroeconomicsisaneverevolvingareaofresearch.Thegoalofeconomicresearchisnottoberight,butrathertobeaccurate.Itislikelythatnoneofthecurrentschoolsofeconomicthoughtperfectlycapturetheworkingsoftheeconomy.Theydo,however,eachcontributeasmallpieceoftheoverallpuzzle.Asonelearnsmoreaboutea
11、chschoolofthought,itispossibletobineaspectsofeachinordertoreachaninformedsynthesis. Thetraditionaldistinctionisbetweentwodifferentapproachestoeconomics:Keynesianeconomics,focusingondemand;andsupplyside(orneoclassical)economics,focusingonsupply.Neitherviewistypicallyendorsedtothepleteexclusionoftheot
12、her,butmostschoolsdotendclearlytoemphasizeoneortheotherasatheoreticalfoundation. Keynesianeconomicsfocusesonaggregatedemandtoexplainlevelsofunemploymentandthebusinesscycle.Thatis,businesscyclefluctuationsshouldbereducedthroughfiscalpolicy(thegovernmentspendsmoreorlessdependingonthesituation)andmonet
13、arypolicy.EarlyKeynesianmacroeconomicswasactivist,callingforregularuseofpolicytostabilizethecapitalisteconomy,whilesomeKeynesianscalledfortheuseofinespolicies. Supplysideeconomicsdelineatesquiteclearlytherolesofmonetarypolicyandfiscalpolicy.Thefocusformonetarypolicyshouldbepurelyonthepriceofmoneyasd
14、eterminedbythesupplyofmoneyandthedemandformoney.Itadvocatesamonetarypolicythatdirectlytargetsthevalueofmoneyanddoesnottargetinterestratesatall.Typicallythevalueofmoneyismeasuredbyreferencetogoldorsomeotherreference.Thefocusoffiscalpolicyistoraiserevenueforworthygovernmentinvestmentswithaclearrecogni
15、tionoftheimpactthattaxationhasondomestictrade.ItplacesheavyemphasisonSayslaw,whichstatesthatrecessionsdonotoccurbecauseoffailureindemandorlackofmoney. Monetarism,ledbyMiltonFriedman,whichholdsthatinflationisalwaysandeverywhereamonetaryphenomenon.Itrejectsfiscalpolicybecauseitleadstocrowdingoutofthep
16、rivatesector.Further,itdoesnotwishtobatinflationordeflationbymeansofactivedemandmanagementasinKeynesianeconomics,butbymeansofmonetarypolicyrules,suchaskeepingtherateofgrowthofthemoneysupplyconstantovertime. NewKeynesianeconomics,whichdevelopedpartlyinresponsetonewclassicaleconomics,strivestoprovidemicroeconomicfoundationstoKeynesianeconomicsbyshowinghowimperfectmarketscanjustifydemandmanagement.
