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1、ForewordBy Rajat Gupta，ICC CbairmanThe global economy has given business broader access than ever before to markets all over the world. Goods are sold in more countries，in large quantities, and in greater variety. But as the volume and complexity of global sales increase, so do possibilities for mis
2、understandings and costly disputes when sale contracts are not adequately drafted.The Incoterms rules, the ICC rules on the use of domestic and international trade terms, facilitate the conduct of global trade. Reference to an Icoterms 2010 rule in a sale contract clearly defines the parties respect
3、ive obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications.Since the creation of the Incoterms rules by ICC in 1936, this globally accepted contractual standard has been regularly updated to keep pace with the development of international trade. The Incoterms 2010 rules take account of the continue
4、d spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communications in business transactions, heightened concern about security in the movement of goods and consolidates in transport practices. Incoterms2010 updates and consolidates the delivered rules, reducing the total number of rules
5、from 13 to 11, and offers a simpler and clearer presentation of all the rules. Incoterms 2010 is also the first version of the Incoterms rules to make all references to buyers and sellers gender-neutral.The broad expertise of ICCs Commission on Commercial Law and Practice, whose membership is drawn
6、from all parts of the world and all trade sectors, ensures that the Incoterms 2010 rules respond to business needs everywhere defines the parties respective obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications.ICC would like to express its gratitude to the members of the Commission, chaired by Fa
7、bio Bortolotti (Italy), to the Drafting Group, which comprised Charles Debattista(Co-Chair, France), Jens Bredow (Germany), Johnny Herre(Sweden), David Lwee(UK), Lauri Railas(Finland), Frank Reynolds(US),and Miroslav Subert(Szech Republic), and to Asko Raty (Finland) for assistance with the images d
8、epicting the 11 rules.前言国际商会主席 Rajat Gupta全球经济一体化使得商业通向世界各地市场的途径空前宽广。各种各样的货物被销售到世界各地。然而，随着全球贸易数额的增加和贸易复杂性的加强, 因贸易合同起草不恰当而带来的误解和高代价争端也可能随之增加。国际贸易术语解释通则，国际商会规则在国内和国际贸易用语的使用促进了全球贸易的进行。在贸易合同中引用国际贸易术语解释通则 2010 可明确界定各方义务并降低法律纠纷产生的风险。自从 1936 年国际商会制定出国际贸易术语解释通则之后，此项在全球范围内被采用的合同标准就经常性地更新换代，与国际贸易的发展步调一致。国际贸易术
9、语解释通则 2010 考虑了免税贸易区的不断增加，电子沟通在商务中的不断增多，以及被更加重视的货物运输中的安全和变化等问题。国际贸易术语解释通则 2010 更新并加强了交货规则，将规则总量从 13 条减少到了 11 条，并且使得所有规则的表述更加简洁明确。国际贸易术语解释通则 2010 同时也是第一个使得所有在买卖双方中的适用保持中立的第一个国际贸易术语解释版本。国际商会的商法和实践委员会成员来自世界各地和多个贸易部门，该委员会广泛的专业技能确保了国际贸易术语解释通则 2010 与各地的商贸需求相适应。国际商会向 Fabio Bortolotti（意大利）的商法和实践委员会的成员表示谢意，向由
10、 Charles Debattista （副组长，英国），Christoph Martin Radtke （副组长，法国），Jens Bredow （德国），Johnny Herre （瑞典），David Lwee（英国），Lauri Railas （芬兰），Frank Reynold（美国），Miroslav Subert （捷克）组成的起草小组致谢，并且向对 11 条规则的表述给予帮助的 Asko Raty （芬兰）致谢。财务盈利能力分析采用的主要评价指标包括静态评价指标和动态评价指标两类。其中静态评价指标主要有投资回收期，投资利润率，投资利税率和资本金利润率；动态评价指标主要有投资回收期
11、，净现值、净现值率，内部收益率。9INTRODUCTIONThe Incoterms rules explain a set of three-letter trade terms reflecting business-to-business practice in contracts for the sale of goods. The Incoterms rules describe mainly the tasks, costs and risks involved in the delivery of goods from sellers to buyers.How to use t
12、he Incoterms 2010 rules1. Incorporate the Incoterms 2010 rules into your contract of saleIf you want the Incoterms 2010 rules to apply to your contract, you should make this clear in the contract, through such words as, “the chosen Incoterms rule including the named place, followed by Incoterms 2010
13、”.2. Choose the appropriate Incoterms ruleThe chosen Incoterms rule needs to be appropriate to the goods, to the means of their transport, and above all to whether the parties intend to put additional obligations, for example such as the obligation to organize carriage or insurance, on the seller or
14、 on the buyer. The Guidance Note to each Incoterms rule contains information that is particularly helpful when making this choice. Whichever Incoterms rule is chosen, the parties should be aware the interpretation of their contract may well be influenced by customs particular to the port or place be
15、ing used.3.Specify your place or port as precisely as possibleThe chosen Incoterms rule can work only if the parties name a place or port, and will work best if the parties specify the place or port as precisely as possible.A good example of such precision would be:： “FCA 38 Cours Albert 1er, Paris,
16、 France Incoterms 2010”.Under the Incoterms rule Ex Works(EXW), Free Carrier(FCA), Delivered at Terminal(DAT), Delivered at Place(DAP), Delivered Duty Paid(DDP), Free Alongside Ship(FAS), and Free on Board(FOB), the named place is the place where delivery takes place and where risk passes from the seller to the buyer.介绍Incoterms規則規定了一系列在貨物銷售商業合同實踐中使用的三字母系列貿易術語 Inc
