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1、Unit International Transportation,Part International Transportation Part The Geo-strategy of International Transportation Writing Skill An Email for Establishing Business Relationship from Seller Part Freight Transport and Commodity Chains Part Solving International Transportation Problems Writing S
2、kill A Letter for Establishing Business Relationship from Buyer,The growth of the amount of freight being traded as well as a great variety of origins and destinations promotes the importance of international transportation as a fundamental element supporting the global economy. International transp
3、ortation systems have been under increasing pressures to support additional demands in volume and distance carried. This could not have occurred without considerable technical improvements permitting to transport larger quantities of passengers and freight, and this more quickly and more efficiently
4、. Few other technical improvements than containerization have contributed to this environment of growing mobility of freight. Since containers and their intermodal transport systems improve the efficiency of global distribution, a growing share of general cargo moving globally is containerized. Cons
5、equently, transportation is often referred as an enabling factor that is not necessarily the cause of international trade, but a mean over which globalization could not have occurred without.,Part International Transportation,下一页,返回,A common development problem is the inability of international tran
6、sportation infrastructures to support flows, undermining access to the global market and the benefits that can be derived from international trade. International trade requires distribution infrastructures that can support trade between several partners. Three components of international transportat
7、ion facilitate trade: Transportation infrastructure concerns physical infrastructures such as terminals, vehicles and networks. Efficiencies or deficiencies in transport infrastructures will either promote or inhibit international trade. Transportation services concerns the complex set of services i
8、nvolved in the international circulation of passengers and freight. It includes activities such as distribution, logistics, finance, insurance and marketing.,Part International Transportation,上一页,下一页,返回,Transactional environment concerns the complex legal, political, financial and cultural setting i
9、n which international transport systems operate. It includes aspects such as exchange rates, regulations, quotas and tariffs, but also consumer preferences. About half of the global trade takes place between locations of more than 3,000 km apart. Because of the involved geographical scale, most inte
10、rnational freight movements involve several modes, especially when origins and destinations are far apart. Transport chains must thus be established to service these flows which reinforce the importance of intermodal transportation modes and terminals at strategic locations. Among the numerous trans
11、port modes, two are specifically concerned with international trade:,Part International Transportation,上一页,下一页,返回,Ports and Maritime Shipping. The importance of maritime transportation in global freight trade in unmistakable, particularly in terms of tonnage as it handles about 90% of the global. Th
12、us, globalization is the realm of maritime shipping, with containerized shipping at the forefront of the process. The global maritime transport system is composed of a series of major gateways granting access to major production and consumption regions. Between those gateways are major hubs acting a
13、s points of interconnection and transshipment between systems of maritime circulation. Airports and Air Transport. Although in terms tonnage air transportation carries an insignificant amount of freight (0.2% of total tonnage) compared with maritime transportation, its importance in terms of the tot
14、al value is much more significant; about 15%.,Part International Transportation,上一页,下一页,返回,International air freight is about 70 times more valuable than its maritime counterpart and about 30 times more valuable than freight carried overland, which is linked with the types of goods it transports (e.
15、g. electronics). The location of freight airports correspond to high technology manufacturing clusters as well as intermediary locations where freight planes are refueled and/or cargo is transshipped. Road and railway modes tend to occupy a more marginal portion of international transportation since
16、 they are above all modes for national or regional transport services. Their importance is focused on their role in the “first and last miles” of global distribution. Freight is mainly brought to port and airport terminals by trucking or rail. There are however notable exceptions in the role of overland transportation in international trade. A substantial share of the NAFTA trade between Canada, United States and Mexico is supported by trucking, as well as large share of the
