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1、1. What is culture?,On the surface: customs and behavior More deeply: what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them In a word: Culture is all about meanings Hall: Culture is everything and everywhere,4. What is Communication?,It comes from the Latin word “communicare”, it m
2、eans to give or to exchange. Now, the most common meaning of “communication” is to give or exchange information or ideas. Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (the basis of all human contact) Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and re
3、flected in human interaction with symbols. (J.T.Wood),Elements of communication,Context (location, time, light, temperature, seating arrangements) Participants (relationship, gender, culture) Messages (meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding) Channels (sound, sight, smell, taste, touch) Noise (exte
4、rnal noise, internal noise, semantic noise) feedback,Linear Model of Communication,Sender,Receiver,Channel (message),encoding,decoding,noise,Is this an effective model of communication?,Mode of Communication,Interactive Model of Communication,Sender Receiver,Sender Receiver,encoding,decoding,noise,F
5、eedback is essential to good communication,decoding,encoding,message / channel,message / channel,5. Characteristics of communication,1) Communication is dynamic 2) Communication is interactive 3) Communication is irreversible 4) Communication takes place in both a physical and social context.,6. Int
6、ercultural Communication,Samovar & Porter Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural commun
7、ities.,Intercultural Communication Vs Cross-cultural Communication,Cross-cultural communication the similarities and differences in value orientations, affective dispositions, relationship management, communicative styles (psychological process) Intercultural communication the penetration by a membe
8、r of one culture into another culture (practical significance),Warm-up: Read the following sayings aloud, and discuss with your partner: what do they mean to you?,Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. - Confucian saying One mans meat i
9、s another mans poison. - English proverb God gave to every people a cup, cup of clay, and from this cup they drank life They all dipped in the water, but their cups were different. - R. Benedict,High-context Culture:,In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Informatio
10、n is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation). Examples of high-context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc.,Low-context Culture:,In low-context messa
11、ges, the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. Examples of low-context cultures include English, North American, German, etc.,Summary: language and culture,Language is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language. Culture influences language by way of symbol
12、s and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols). Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.,What is verbal communication,Verbal: connected wi
13、th words and their use Verbal communication: communication done both orally and in written language Easier to use words to represent ones experiences within the same culture because people share many similar experiences. More troublesome in verbal communication across cultures because peoples experi
14、ences, beliefs, values, customs, traditions and the like are different.,How different thinking patterns affect our life?,Western medicine Vs traditional Chinese medicine Western cooking Different views on contracts Westerners value objectivity, specificity and precision and make sense of the world b
15、y reasoning and analyzing. Chinese are more subjective and value intuition a lot, through which they get an insight into things around them.,4. Communication Styles and Culture,Compare the following two spoken discourse and decide which one might be given by a Chinese and which by an American? Becau
16、se most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997, and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.,Inductive pattern (topic delayed),Which is given by a Chinese? Which by an American?,B. I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decisi
