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1、Introducing Translation StudiesTheories and Applications Name: Zhu MiClass: English 1122013/12/24Introducing Translation StudiesTheories and ApplicationsI. Main issues of translation studies1.1 The concept of translationThe term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general su
2、bject field, the product or the process. The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original verbal language into a written text in a different verbal language.interlingual translationThe Russian-American structuralist Roman Jakobson in his
3、 seminal paper” On linguistic aspects of translation gave his categories as intralingual translation, interlingual translation and intersemiotic translation.1.2 What are translation studies?Written and spoken translations traditionally were for scholarship and religious purposes.Yet the study of tra
4、nslation as an academic subject has only really begun in the past fifty years, thanks to the Dutch-based US scholar James S.Holmes.Reasons for prominence: first, there has been a proliferation of specialized translating and interpreting courses at both and undergraduate and postgraduate level; secon
5、d, other courses, in smaller numbers, focus on the practice of literary translation; the 1990s also saw a proliferation of conferences, books and journals on translation in many languages; in addition, various translation events were held in India, and an on-line translation symposium was organized.
6、1.3 A brief history of the disciplineThe practice of translation was discussed by, for example, Cicero and Horace and St Jerome; their writings were to exert an important influence up until the twentieth century.The study of translation of the field developed into an academic discipline only in the
7、second half of the twentieth century.Before that, translation had normally been merely an element of language learning in modern language courses, known for the grammar-translation method. With the rise of the direct method or communicative approach to English language teaching in the 1960s and 1970
8、s, the grammar-translation method fell into increasing disrepute.In the USA, translation was promoted in universities in the 1960s by the translation workshop concept. Running parallel to it was that of comparative literature. Another area in which translation become the subject of research was cont
9、rastive analysis. The continued application of a linguistic approach in general, and specific linguistic models such as generative grammar or functional grammar, has demonstrated an inherent and gut link with translation. And it began to emerge in the 1950s and 1960s.Eugene Nida1.4 The Holmes/Toury
10、“map”James S.Holemss” The name and nature of translation studies” was regarded as “generally accepted as the founding statement for the field”. He puts forward an overall framework, describing what translation studies covers. It has been subsequently presented by Gideon Toury.Another area Holmes men
11、tion is translation policy, where he sees the translation scholar advising on the place of translation in society, including what place, if any, it should occupy in the language teaching and learning curriculum.“Translation policy” would nowadays far more likely be related to the ideology that deter
12、mines translation than was the case in Holmes description.1.5 Developments since the 1970s Contrastive analysis has fallen by the way side. The linguistic-oriented “science” of translation has continued strongly in Germany, but the concept of equivalence associated with it has declined.Germany has s
13、een the rise of theories centred on text types and text purpose, while the Hallidayan influence of discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar, which vies language as a communicative act in a sociocultural context, has been prominent over the past decades, especially in Australia and the UK.T
14、he late 1970s and 1980s also saw the rise of a descriptive approach that had its origins in comparative literature and Russian Formalism.The polysystemists have worked with a Belgium-based group and the UK-based scholars.The 1990s saw the incorporation of new schools and concepts, with Canadian-base
15、d translation and gender research led by Sherry Simon, the Brazilian cannibalist school promoted by Else Vieira, postcolonial translation theory.II. Translation theory before the twentieth century2.1 “Word-for-word” or “sense-for-sense”?Up until the second half of the twentieth century, translation
16、theory seemed locked in what George Steiner calls a ”sterile” debate over the “triad” of “literal”, ”free” and “faithful” translation. The distinction goes back to Cicero and St Jerome.Cicero said,”keeping the same ideas and formsbut in language which conforms to our usageI preserved the general style and force of the language.” He disparaged w
