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4、蛇荧汉晓乔纬浑除寂忘抛胆截绣倔舵再乏买迅拎锅贬压览艺詹乔洲脾诌寂诌咏体呢怂倔怂在逊颅声樟锅览洒詹呛州译除计妄优诌呢绣倔舵再戌靠迅傲根编压览艺晓谊楚浑洲寂诌咏体截体再舵买咽凯声傲锅览压搏艺晓译洲浑妄优袋Household Water Treatment in China1 Hong YangGeography and EnvironmentUniversity of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSouthampton SO17 1BJ, United KingdomE-mail: ()2 Jim A. WrightGeography and EnvironmentUniv
5、ersity of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSouthampton SO17 1BJ, United KingdomE-mail: (j.a.wrightsoton.ac.uk)3 Stephen W. GundryAuthor AffiliationsWater and Health Research CentreUniversity of BristolWoodland RoadBristol BS8 1TH, United KingdomE-mail: (stephen.gundrybristol.ac.uk)This study was supported
6、by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, under grant reference 48599 (Aquatest 2: Delivery a low cost water test for developing countries).Dear Sir:We read with interest the article by Rosa and Clasen about the prevalence of household water treatment in low-income and middle-income countries. They di
7、scussed the geographic limitations of their global estimation, especially the lack of data for the largest national population in China. Several surveys covering water and sanitation have been undertaken in China in recent decades, such as the World Health Survey, the Global Water Supply and Sanitat
8、ion Assessment 2000, and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. These survey results have already been included in the World Health Organization/United Nations Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Program report. However, none of these survey questionnaires covered household water treatment. Despite the
9、lack of data on home water treatment accessible in the English language, it is possible that other surveys exist that have been conducted by the Chinese government rather than through international systems, such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, with results published in Chinese only.We sear
10、ched the bibliographic database Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure by using the Chinese key words for “household” and “water” and “treatment/disinfection”. We found 417 Chinese language references. After screening the titles and abstracts of all references and the content of an additional 197
11、 references, we found one paper reporting the national summary results of the Investigation of Drinking Water and Sanitation in the Rural Areas conducted jointly by the Ministry of Health and the National Committee for Patriotic Public Health Campaign, Peoples Republic of China, during August 2006No
12、vember 2007.In this nationally representative multi-stage cluster survey of rural areas, 6,948 sites were surveyed in 6,590 villages across all 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China. A total of 65,839 households were interviewed and 6,948 supply system, groundwater a
13、nd surface water samples were tested for physicochemical parameters and total coliforms. The interviews included two questions on home water treatment: “What is your usual drinking practice? 1) Drink raw water, 2) Drink boiled water” and “Do you treat (other than boiling) the household?s water? Yes
14、or No”.Although the raw data are still not publicly available, the summary of the official report indicated that 85.23% of rural households boiled their water before drinking and 5.11% treated their water (excluding boiling). Given that the mainland Chinese rural population was estimated to be 712.8
15、8 million in 2009,this finding suggests that the population boiling household water is 607.59 million and the population using other forms of home water treatment is 36.3 million in rural China. Household water filters are increasingly used in urban areas of China. Although there are no reported hou
16、sehold survey data for urban areas, one report estimated that 35% of the urban population used household water filters.If this 4% prevalence estimate for household water filtration is applied to the total mainland Chinese urban population of 621.86 million,this suggests a population of 24.9 million filtering their water. Including these estimates for China, the global population from low-income and middle-income
