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1、Unit11. Truly, the tongue spoken back in the 1300s only by the low people of England has come a long way.Paraphrase: Indeed, the language spoken as early as 1300s by the native people in England has developed for a long time2. But however accommodating English might be the real reason for the latter
2、 day triumph of English is the triumph of the English-speaking United States as a world power.Paraphrase: Adaptable, as English might be, the English owes its success to the victory of the English-speaking United States as a world power.3. As the 20th century drew on, however, and English continued
3、to encroach, French was driven on to the defensive.Paraphrase: As the 20th century was approaching, and English kept on expanding beyond limits, French was put in a cornered position, having to fight for protection.4. In India some people see English as an oppressive legacy of colonialism that shoul
4、d be exterminated.Paraphrase: India was once regarded as the Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire. People in India would think the English language reminds them of the period of colonialism, which should be wiped out.5. But for many peoples the triumph of English is the defeat, if not outright d
5、estruction, of their own language.Paraphrase: But for many peoples, the success or the wide spread of English means the defeat, perhaps even a complete extinction, of their own language.6. Thus the triumph of English not only destroys the tongues of others; it also isolates native English-speakers f
6、rom the literature, history and ideas of other peoples.Paraphrase: Therefore, the success of English not only defeats other languages, but separates native English speakers from the literature, history and ideas of other ethnic groups.比较文学是一种以寻求人类文学共通规律和民族特色为宗旨的文学研究。它是以世界文学的眼光，运用比较的方法，对各种文学关系进行的跨文化的
7、研究。一个国家或民族的文学思潮、文学运动队另一个国家或民族文学发展的影响,不同国家具体作家的相互影响Unit21. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake oozing over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and manifestly homogenousParaphrase: Some
8、times the Western culture seems to permeate the whole world like spilt milkshake, with a strong smell, sweet but obviously devoid of diversity.2. Production and consumption of cultural goods and services have become commodities, along with the essentials of social life (marriage and family life, rel
9、igion, work and leisure), that are the crucibles of cultural creation.Paraphrase: Cultural creation is facing great challenge posed by the commercialization of culture.3. Obviously, it would be an excessive form of cultural fundamentalism to suggest that Africans should try to keep everything exactl
10、y as it is, rather than allowing culture to develop.Paraphrase: Obviously, it would be too culturally radical to suggest that Africans should conduct rigid adherence to their current life and refuse to allow culture to develop.4. Justified initially as a civilizing mission and subsequently dubbed mo
11、dernization, in practice it was wholesale Westernization with very little room for any viable middle ground.Paraphrase: In the beginning it justified itself as a civilizing mission and later on it honored itself as modernization. However, in fact it was a process of extensive and complete Westerniza
12、tion which left other countries no other choice.5. Such a radical undermining of peoples existing values and cultures has a corrosive impact on their sense of who they are, what they want and what they respect.Paraphrase: The severe damage of peoples existing values and cultures has a destructive ef
13、fect. It makes those people confused about who they are, what they want and what they respect.6. One major reason is the structural change in the world economy: globalization and the flood of goods dumped in poor countries that are marketed by mass seductive advertising which is blatantly superficia
14、l but nonetheless successful in creating fresh desires in peoples of traditional societies.Paraphrase: One major reason of this fast and large-scale westernization is the change of overall structure in the world economy. Because of globalization, western countries use marketing strategies such as ad
15、vertising to create fresh desires in consumers from less developed countries and get rid of products by selling them at a low price.7. However, there is genuine cause for concern about the rate at which cultures (African and non-African) are being undermined in a world that is bound together by ever
16、-stronger economic ties.Paraphrase: However, people indeed have a reason to worry that African and non-African cultures are gradually encroached by western culture due to the ever-growing strong interdependence of trade and business among countries.8. More importantly, colonialism paved the way for todays cultural globalization by leaving the colonized in a state of cultural disorientation and consequently vulnerable to continui
