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1、主从复合句主句是主体，从句只是句子的一个成分，换言之，将句子（除谓语外）的各个成分扩展开来就成了从句。关联词分五类：疑问代词：who（whom/whose）， which, what, 关系代词：who（whom/whose）， which, that, 疑问副词：when, where, why, how关系副词：when, where, why 从属连词：that (无词义)， whether, if, although, after because, before, when, since， as soon as, as long as只有从属连词没有句子功用，即不担任句子成分。从句分为
2、五类：主语从句宾语从句表语从句 前三项都是名词性从句，句中作用如同名词。一般都不用逗号，所用关联词相同：1,连词that/whether/if 2, 疑问代词who/what/which 3, 疑问副词when /where /how /why（引导间接疑问句）定语从句状语从句记住一个句子学会一种句法现象。一主语从句subject clause，也可分为三种：that引导的主从 / 由连接代副词引导的主从 / what和whoever等引导的主从。 1由that引导的主从，用得最多。(that 后面是主语)“That she became an artist may have been due
3、 to her fathers influence.” 她成为画家可能是受其父亲的影响。上面句子看着别扭陌生，换成it引导的句子就熟悉了，因为一般除强调外都后置而由it代替，有五种形式：（1）It + be + adj + that 、 It is natural that they should have different views. （2）It + be + noun + that、 Its a wonder that you are still alive. （3）It + verb (+ object(宾语) or adverbial(副词) + that、 It seems th
4、at youre right. It struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 我忽然想起我们应该制订一个新计划。It never occurred to me that perhaps she was lying. 我从未想到或许她是在说谎 （4）It + be verb-ed + that、 It was rumored （It is said） that you was suffering from a stone in the kidney. 谣传说/据说你得了肾结石。（5）It + verb be + that、 No, no, it c
5、ouldnt be that they were interested in him. 不，不，他们不可能对他有兴趣。口语中that可以省略：It was clear(that) his words pleased her. 显然他的话使她高兴。2由连接代/副词引导的主从When hell be back depends much on the weather. Who is to be sent there hasnt been decided. Its clear enough what he meant. 两种结构都能用，但是it结构更多， 有四种形式。it + be + adj + c
6、lauseIt was not clear to me why he behaved like that. 我不太清楚他为什么会这样做。it + be + noun + clause Its a puzzle how life began. 生命如何开始是一个谜it + verb (+ object or adverbial) + clause It doesnt matter much where I live. 我住在哪里都没多大关系。it + be verb-ed + clauseIt is not yet settled whether I am going to American.
7、3由what / whatever / whoever引导的主从What will be, will be. 该发生的事总会发生。红色为从句What is over is over. 过去的事就过去了。Whatever my dad did was right. 俺爹做的都是对的。Whatever she says goes. 一切她说了算。Whoever comes will be welcomed. 谁来都欢迎Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪个，哪个就归你。二宾语从句object clause. 1由that引导到宾从，有时that可省略I suspecte
8、d that it was a trick to get our money. 我怀疑这是一个骗我们钱的圈套Who can guarantee that hell keep his word? 谁能保证他会遵守诺言？You can depend upon it, I shall be there. 先行宾语(现行宾语中间要有逗号)你放心，我会去那里的。I take it they have left for home. 我猜想他们已经回家了。2由连接代词或副词引导宾从Write me how you got home. 写信告诉我你怎能到家的Only you can decide who th
9、e best choice is. 只有你能决定谁是最佳人选。I wonder what you call this stuff. 我想知道，你管这玩艺叫什么。3由whether/if引导的宾从Im wondering whether you would care to spend the evening with me. 不知道你是否愿意跟我们共度今宵。I asked her if I might call and see her. 我问她是否可以去看她。4由关系代词what引导的宾从Show me what youve bought. 把你买的东西给我看看。I could not expr
10、ess what I felt. 我无法表达内心的感受As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想把听到的事告诉你。5作介词的宾从，其他从句这样用较少：Dont oke your nose into探听what doesnt concern you. 别多管闲事。?6 whatever/whichever/whomever这类词也可引导宾从：Ill just say whatever comes into my head. 想到什么就说什么。Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。Giv
11、e it to whomever you like. 你愿意给谁就给谁。三表语从句predicative clause，有二类1由that引导的表语从句The fact is (that) she never liked him. 事实是她从未喜欢过他。His only fault is that he lacks ambition. 他唯一的缺点是缺乏雄心大志。2 由连接代/副词引导的、由关系代词型的what引导的Thats not what I meant. 这不是我的意思。The question is whos responsible for what has happened. 问题
12、是发生了这事该谁负责。Times arent what they were. 时代不同了。Thats what I am here for. 这就是我来这里的目的。(四定语从句attributive clause 没看！1 定从的关联词有二：关系代词（在从句中作主/宾/定）who（whom/whose）, which, that和关系副词（在从句中作状语）when, where, why等。例如：Girl who works in restaurant is called waitress. This is Johnson, whose wife work at a department st
13、ore.2 Which和that的区别：关系代词which指物，做主语和宾语。限制性定从中作宾语时可省略。关系代词that, 指物也指人，做主语和宾语，指物时与which相同。There are the things that（which）you need. 这些就是你要的东西。A dictionary is a book, which gives the meaning of words. 词典是解释词义的书。Who is the person that is working at a computer over there. 在计算机上干活的那个人是谁？3 在下列情形下，只能用that:
14、（1）先行词是all / everything / nothing / something（有时例外用which） / anything / little等不定代词时。Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town? 有什么事我可以在城里代你办吗？Thats all (that) I know. 我知道的就是这些。（2）先行词为序数词所修饰时。The first thing (that) I should do is to work out a plan. 我该做的第一件事是订个计划。（3）先行词为形容词最高级所修饰时。This is one
15、 of the most exciting football games (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的足球赛中最激烈的一场。4 限制性定从和非限制性定从：意义上可缺否，形式上有无逗号。（1）that引导的定从大多是限制性的。 注意：非限制性定从不能使用that和关系副词why, 也不能省略任何关系副词，这类从句主要出现在书面语中。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Anti-Japanese War. “昨晚我看了一部很棒的电影，是关于抗日战争的”只是补充说明，翻译时多译成并列句：Sunday is a holiday, when people do not go to work. 礼拜天是假日，这一天人们不上班。（2）
